A Method for Creating Structural Models of Text Documents Using Neural Networks.

The article describes modern neural network BERT-based models and considers their application for Natural Language Processing tasks such as question answering and named entity recognition. The article presents a method for solving the problem of automatically creating structural models of text documents. The proposed method is hybrid and is based on jointly utilizing several NLP models. The method builds a structural model of a document by extracting sentences that correspond to various aspects of the document. Information extraction is performed by using the BERT Question Answering model with questions that are prepared separately for each aspect. The answers are filtered via the BERT Named Entity Recognition model and used to generate the contents of each field of the structural model. The article proposes two algorithms for field content generation: Exclusive answer choosing algorithm and Generalizing answer forming algorithm, that are used for short and voluminous fields respectively. The article also describes the software implementation of the proposed method and discusses the results of experiments conducted to evaluate the quality of the method.The article describes modern neural network BERT-based models and considers their application for Natural Language Processing tasks such as question answering and named entity recognition. The article presents a method for solving the problem of automatically creating structural models of text documents. The proposed method is hybrid and is based on jointly utilizing several NLP models. The method builds a structural model of a document by extracting sentences that correspond to various aspects of the document. Information extraction is performed by using the BERT Question Answering model with questions that are prepared separately for each aspect. The answers are filtered via the BERT Named Entity Recognition model and used to generate the contents of each field of the structural model. The article proposes two algorithms for field content generation: Exclusive answer choosing algorithm and Generalizing answer forming algorithm, that are used for short and voluminous fields respectively. The article also describes the software implementation of the proposed method and discusses the results of experiments conducted to evaluate the quality of the method

Language Change in Spanish Heritage Speakers: the Interaction Between Lexical and Grammatical Aspect

This thesis focuses on preterit and imperfect usage in the Spanish of Chilean-American heritage speakers. Spanish heritage speakers in the United States are second generation bilinguals who learn Spanish in the home from Spanish speaking parents and learn English from school and the community (Montrul 2002; Rothman 2007). When societal factors limit heritage language exposure, tense and aspect morphology is susceptible to change (Guijarro-Fuentes & Clibbens 2004). Findings of a study on 11 Chilean-American heritage speakers show that production of the preterit is overextending, resulting in less frequent use of the imperfect. Large-scale studies of US Spanish-English bilinguals’ use of the Spanish past tense forms (canté ‘I sang’ preterit vs. cantaba ‘I sang’ imperfect) report changes in how first generation Spanish speakers use these forms (Montrul 2002; Silva-Corvalán 1994; Zentella 1997). The preterit is used to denote events viewed as a complete whole (perfective) and the imperfect denotes incompletion or an action viewed as in progress in the past (imperfective). The current study employed a three part on-line questionnaire that included: (i) a language background and social variables section; (ii) a closed-question section using the story, Ricitos de Oro ‘Goldilocks and the Three Bears’; and (iii) an open-question section where participants were asked to translate English past tense sentences into Spanish. This study provides an in-depth analysis for the internally-driven motivations for the changing use of the preterit (perfective aspect) and imperfect (imperfective aspect). I account for the overextension of the preterit as a consequence of the interaction between lexical aspect (classification of predicates based on inherent meanings such as states and events) and grammatical aspect (externally coded aspectual properties such as the preterit and imperfect). Spanish heritage speakers are making use of lexical aspect when producing overt aspectual forms. This is similar to how tense and aspect morphology is acquired and produced in children (Slobin 1977). This strategy is a way to use the information provided by lexical aspect, overt morphology, and discursive context to denote the aspectual interpretations of perfectivity and imperfectivity. This study has implications for educators who teach heritage speakers because they are known to have different needs than second language learners (Montrul 2002) and also adds to the literature on Chilean-Americans, an underrepresented group in bilingualism and heritage language studies

Scaffolding reflective inquiry - enabling why-questioning while e-learning

This paper presents some theoretical and interdisciplinary perspectives that might inform the design and development of information and communications technology (ICT) tools to support reflective inquiry during e-learning. The role of why-questioning provides the focus of discussion and is guided by literature that spans critical thinking, inquiry-based and problem-based learning, storytelling, sense-making, and reflective practice, as well as knowledge management, information science, computational linguistics and automated question generation. It is argued that there exists broad scope for the development of ICT scaffolding targeted at supporting reflective inquiry duringe-learning. Evidence suggests that wiki-based learning tasks, digital storytelling, and e-portfolio tools demonstrate the value of accommodating reflective practice and explanatory content in supporting learning; however, it is also argued that the scope for ICT tools that directly support why-questioning as a key aspect of reflective inquiry is a frontier ready for development

The challenges oh 1 Malaysia and the reality of youth's involvement with the unity campaign on television.

Today’s youth are the ones who are exposed to the development of ICT. Therefore, the print and electronic media are the main communicators as sources of information for youths. The question is, how do these sources of information use these channels for the benefit of youth’s education? This article is the discussion about the challenges to realize the succession of 1Malaysia based on the research founding by Nobaya et al., (2008) related to youth’s involvement with the unity campaign being shown through television channels. The discussion about the succession of 1Malaysia in relation to the youth generation is an issue that should be given serious attention by all in tandem with the realization that this generation is the back up for the current nation’s leaders who will determine the stability and the continuation of a harmonious ethnic relationship in a multi racial society for the nation’s future. The question whether they understand or not the real meaning in developing 1Malaysia has to be critically analyzed and discussed. Even though the basic research data by Nobaya et al. (2008) did not directly measure youth’s understanding about the succession of 1Malaysia but this research will measure the level of youth’s involvement with the unity campaign shown through Malaysian television channels, which will reflect the 1Malaysia practice level nowadays within the youth’s generation in the aspect of unity. The findings show Malaysia’s youth understand and embrace the unity campaign being aired but lack in performing the behavior that could spurt unity’s growth. The discussion in this article is hoped to shape the thinking of all parties in enriching the succession of 1Malaysia which is fundamentally based on unity’s practice in a multi cultural society especially in the youth’s generation

Clinical performance of intentionally tilted implants versus axially positioned implants: A systematic review

Objectives The aim of this review was to determine the clinical performance of dental implants that are intentionally tilted when compared with implants that are placed following the long axis of the residual alveolar ridge. Materials and methods A systematic review of the scientific literature using a predefined research question (PICO) and search strategy was undertaken. This search included five electronic databases. Two independent reviewers examined electronic databases and performed a manual review following search strategy to accomplish the item generation and reduction. Included articles were evaluated to determine the level of evidence. Data were extracted only from level I and level II studies, based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence‐based Medicine—Levels of Evidence (March 2009). If included studies were homogeneous in nature, data were to be accumulated. However, if included studies were heterogeneous in nature, only descriptive data would be reviewed and analyzed. Results A total of 811 articles were identified through the PICO question and search strategy. Detailed review of the abstracts and articles resulted in further item reduction, and 46 articles were included for full‐text review. A total of 42 articles were then selected for inclusion in the systematic review. The identified articles included two level I and 20 level II studies. In addition, 15 level IV, one gray literature, and four previous systematic reviews with meta‐analyses were also used in the study. The extracted data from the included studies demonstrated heterogeneity that prevented quantitative assessment, and only one level II study directly compared tilted and axially placed implants. Assessment of the descriptive data demonstrated no differences in implant survival, marginal bone loss, prosthesis survival, or patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) whether implants are placed axially or with intentional inclination of the coronal aspect of the implant toward the distal aspect of edentulous jaws. Conclusions Based upon the systematic review of the literature, an analysis of the descriptive data suggested no differences in clinical performance between implants that are placed in an axial position relative to the residual alveolar ridge when compared with implants that are intentionally tilted toward the distal aspect of edentulous jaws