Transforming planar graph drawings while maintaining height

There are numerous styles of planar graph drawings, notably straight-line drawings, poly-line drawings, orthogonal graph drawings and visibility representations. In this note, we show that many of these drawings can be transformed from one style to another without changing the height of the drawing. We then give some applications of these transformations

Circumference and Pathwidth of Highly Connected Graphs

Birmele [J. Graph Theory, 2003] proved that every graph with circumference t has treewidth at most t-1. Under the additional assumption of 2-connectivity, such graphs have bounded pathwidth, which is a qualitatively stronger result. Birmele's theorem was extended by Birmele, Bondy and Reed [Combinatorica, 2007] who showed that every graph without k disjoint cycles of length at least t has bounded treewidth (as a function of k and t). Our main result states that, under the additional assumption of (k + 1)- connectivity, such graphs have bounded pathwidth. In fact, they have pathwidth O(t^3 + tk^2). Moreover, examples show that (k + 1)-connectivity is required for bounded pathwidth to hold. These results suggest the following general question: for which values of k and graphs H does every k-connected H-minor-free graph have bounded pathwidth? We discuss this question and provide a few observations.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

B0_0-VPG Representation of AT-free Outerplanar Graphs

B$_0$-VPG graphs are intersection graphs of axis-parallel line segments in the plane. In this paper, we show that all AT-free outerplanar graphs are B$_0$-VPG. We first prove that every AT-free outerplanar graph is an induced subgraph of a biconnected outerpath (biconnected outerplanar graphs whose weak dual is a path) and then we design a B$_0$-VPG drawing procedure for biconnected outerpaths. Our proofs are constructive and give a polynomial time B$_0$-VPG drawing algorithm for the class. We also characterize all subgraphs of biconnected outerpaths and name this graph class "linear outerplanar". This class is a proper superclass of AT-free outerplanar graphs and a proper subclass of outerplanar graphs with pathwidth at most 2. It turns out that every graph in this class can be realized both as an induced subgraph and as a spanning subgraph of (different) biconnected outerpaths.Comment: A preliminary version, which did not contain the characterization of linear outerplanar graphs (Section 3), was presented in the $8^{th}$ International Conference on Algorithms and Discrete Applied Mathematics (CALDAM) 2022. The definition of linear outerplanar graphs in this paper differs from that in the preliminary version and hence Section 4 is ne

Metric Embedding via Shortest Path Decompositions

We study the problem of embedding shortest-path metrics of weighted graphs into $\ell_p$ spaces. We introduce a new embedding technique based on low-depth decompositions of a graph via shortest paths. The notion of Shortest Path Decomposition depth is inductively defined: A (weighed) path graph has shortest path decomposition (SPD) depth $1$. General graph has an SPD of depth $k$ if it contains a shortest path whose deletion leads to a graph, each of whose components has SPD depth at most $k-1$. In this paper we give an $O(k^{\min\{\frac{1}{p},\frac{1}{2}\}})$-distortion embedding for graphs of SPD depth at most $k$. This result is asymptotically tight for any fixed $p>1$, while for $p=1$ it is tight up to second order terms. As a corollary of this result, we show that graphs having pathwidth $k$ embed into $\ell_p$ with distortion $O(k^{\min\{\frac{1}{p},\frac{1}{2}\}})$. For $p=1$, this improves over the best previous bound of Lee and Sidiropoulos that was exponential in $k$; moreover, for other values of $p$ it gives the first embeddings whose distortion is independent of the graph size $n$. Furthermore, we use the fact that planar graphs have SPD depth $O(\log n)$ to give a new proof that any planar graph embeds into $\ell_1$ with distortion $O(\sqrt{\log n})$. Our approach also gives new results for graphs with bounded treewidth, and for graphs excluding a fixed minor

Topics in Graph Algorithms: Structural Results and Algorithmic Techniques, with Applications

Coping with computational intractability has inspired the development of a variety of algorithmic techniques. The main challenge has usually been the design of polynomial time algorithms for NP-complete problems in a way that guarantees some, often worst-case, satisfactory performance when compared to exact (optimal) solutions. We mainly study some emergent techniques that help to bridge the gap between computational intractability and practicality. We present results that lead to better exact and approximation algorithms and better implementations. The problems considered in this dissertation share much in common structurally, and have applications in several scientific domains, including circuit design, network reliability, and bioinformatics. We begin by considering the relationship between graph coloring and the immersion order, a well-quasi-order defined on the set of finite graphs. We establish several (structural) results and discuss their potential algorithmic consequences. We discuss graph metrics such as treewidth and pathwidth. Treewidth is well studied, mainly because many problems that are NP-hard in general have polynomial time algorithms when restricted to graphs of bounded treewidth. Pathwidth has many applications ranging from circuit layout to natural language processing. We present a linear time algorithm to approximate the pathwidth of planar graphs that have a fixed disk dimension. We consider the face cover problem, which has potential applications in facilities location and logistics. Being fixed-parameter tractable, we develop an algorithm that solves it in time O(5k + n2) where k is the input parameter. This is a notable improvement over the previous best known algorithm, which runs in O(8kn). In addition to the structural and algorithmic results, this text tries to illustrate the practicality of fixed-parameter algorithms. This is achieved by implementing some algorithms for the vertex cover problem, and conducting experiments on real data sets. Our experiments advocate the viewpoint that, for many practical purposes, exact solutions of some NP-complete problems are affordable

A 2-Approximation for the Height of Maximal Outerplanar Graph Drawings

In this thesis, we study drawings of maximal outerplanar graphs that place vertices on integer coordinates. We introduce a new class of graphs, called umbrellas, and a new method of splitting maximal outerplanar graphs into systems of umbrellas. By doing so, we generate a new graph parameter, called the umbrella depth (ud), that can be used to approximate the optimal height of a drawing of a maximal outerplanar graph. We show that for any maximal outerplanar graph G, we can create a flat visibility representation of G with height at most 2ud(G) + 1. This drawing can be transformed into a straight-line drawing of the same height. We then prove that the height of any drawing of G is at least ud(G) + 1, which makes our result a 2-approximation for the optimal height. The best previously known approximation algorithm gave a 4-approximation. In addition, we provide an algorithm for finding the umbrella depth of G in linear time. Lastly, we compare the umbrella depth to other graph parameters such as the pathwidth and the rooted pathwidth, which have been used in the past for outerplanar graph drawing algorithms