15,602 research outputs found
A Unifying Theory of Biological Function
A new theory that naturalizes biological function is explained and compared with earlier etiological and causal role theories. Etiological theories explain functions from how they are caused over their evolutionary history. Causal role theories analyze how functional mechanisms serve the current capacities of their containing system. The new proposal unifies the key notions of both kinds of theories, but goes beyond them by explaining how functions in an organism can exist as factors with autonomous causal efficacy. The goal-directedness and normativity of functions exist in this strict sense as well. The theory depends on an internal physiological or neural process that mimics an organism’s fitness, and modulates the organism’s variability accordingly. The structure of the internal process can be subdivided into subprocesses that monitor specific functions in an organism. The theory matches well with each intuition on a previously published list of intuited ideas about biological functions, including intuitions that have posed difficulties for other theories
Leave-one-out prediction error of systolic arterial pressure time series under paced breathing
In this paper we show that different physiological states and pathological
conditions may be characterized in terms of predictability of time series
signals from the underlying biological system. In particular we consider
systolic arterial pressure time series from healthy subjects and Chronic Heart
Failure patients, undergoing paced respiration. We model time series by the
regularized least squares approach and quantify predictability by the
leave-one-out error. We find that the entrainment mechanism connected to paced
breath, that renders the arterial blood pressure signal more regular, thus more
predictable, is less effective in patients, and this effect correlates with the
seriousness of the heart failure. The leave-one-out error separates controls
from patients and, when all orders of nonlinearity are taken into account,
alive patients from patients for which cardiac death occurred
Slow breathing and hypoxic challenge: cardiorespiratory consequences and their central neural substrates
Controlled slow breathing (at 6/min, a rate frequently adopted during yoga practice) can benefit cardiovascular function, including responses to hypoxia. We tested the neural substrates of cardiorespiratory control in humans during volitional controlled breathing and hypoxic challenge using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty healthy volunteers were scanned during paced (slow and normal rate) breathing and during spontaneous breathing of normoxic and hypoxic (13% inspired O2) air. Cardiovascular and respiratory measures were acquired concurrently, including beat-to-beat blood pressure from a subset of participants (N = 7). Slow breathing was associated with increased tidal ventilatory volume. Induced hypoxia raised heart rate and suppressed heart rate variability. Within the brain, slow breathing activated dorsal pons, periaqueductal grey matter, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus and lateral and anterior insular cortices. Blocks of hypoxia activated mid pons, bilateral amygdalae, anterior insular and occipitotemporal cortices. Interaction between slow breathing and hypoxia was expressed in ventral striatal and frontal polar activity. Across conditions, within brainstem, dorsal medullary and pontine activity correlated with tidal volume and inversely with heart rate. Activity in rostroventral medulla correlated with beat-to-beat blood pressure and heart rate variability. Widespread insula and striatal activity tracked decreases in heart rate, while subregions of insular cortex correlated with momentary increases in tidal volume. Our findings define slow breathing effects on central and cardiovascular responses to hypoxic challenge. They highlight the recruitment of discrete brainstem nuclei to cardiorespiratory control, and the engagement of corticostriatal circuitry in support of physiological responses that accompany breathing regulation during hypoxic challenge
The human ECG - nonlinear deterministic versus stochastic aspects
We discuss aspects of randomness and of determinism in electrocardiographic
signals. In particular, we take a critical look at attempts to apply methods of
nonlinear time series analysis derived from the theory of deterministic
dynamical systems. We will argue that deterministic chaos is not a likely
explanation for the short time variablity of the inter-beat interval times,
except for certain pathologies. Conversely, densely sampled full ECG recordings
possess properties typical of deterministic signals. In the latter case,
methods of deterministic nonlinear time series analysis can yield new insights.Comment: 6 pages, 9 PS figure
Patient Specific Congestive Heart Failure Detection From Raw ECG signal
In this study; in order to diagnose congestive heart failure (CHF) patients,
non-linear second-order difference plot (SODP) obtained from raw 256 Hz sampled
frequency and windowed record with different time of ECG records are used. All
of the data rows are labelled with their belongings to classify much more
realistically. SODPs are divided into different radius of quadrant regions and
numbers of the points fall in the quadrants are computed in order to extract
feature vectors. Fisher's linear discriminant, Naive Bayes, Radial basis
function, and artificial neural network are used as classifier. The results are
considered in two step validation methods as general k-fold cross-validation
and patient based cross-validation. As a result, it is shown that using neural
network classifier with features obtained from SODP, the constructed system
could distinguish normal and CHF patients with 100% accuracy rate. KeywordsComment: Congestive heart failure, ECG, Second-Order Difference Plot,
classification, patient based cross-validatio
A delay recruitment model of the cardiovascular control system.
Copyright will be owned by Springer. We develop a nonlinear delay-differential equation for the human cardiovascular control system, and use it to explore blood pressure and heart rate variability under short-term baroreflex control. The model incorporates an intrinsically stable heart rate in the absence of nervous control, and features baroreflex influence on both heart rate and peripheral resistance. Analytical simplifications of the model allow a general investigation of the rĂ´les played by gain and delay, and the effects of ageing.
Evaluation of PPG Biometrics for Authentication in different states
Amongst all medical biometric traits, Photoplethysmograph (PPG) is the
easiest to acquire. PPG records the blood volume change with just combination
of Light Emitting Diode and Photodiode from any part of the body. With IoT and
smart homes' penetration, PPG recording can easily be integrated with other
vital wearable devices. PPG represents peculiarity of hemodynamics and
cardiovascular system for each individual. This paper presents non-fiducial
method for PPG based biometric authentication. Being a physiological signal,
PPG signal alters with physical/mental stress and time. For robustness, these
variations cannot be ignored. While, most of the previous works focused only on
single session, this paper demonstrates extensive performance evaluation of PPG
biometrics against single session data, different emotions, physical exercise
and time-lapse using Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and Direct Linear
Discriminant Analysis (DLDA). When evaluated on different states and datasets,
equal error rate (EER) of - was achieved for -s average
training time. Our CWT/DLDA based technique outperformed all other
dimensionality reduction techniques and previous work.Comment: Accepted at 11th IAPR/IEEE International Conference on Biometrics,
2018. 6 pages, 6 figure
Evolution of Parasympathetic Modulation throughout the Life Cycle
Based on the largest data set ever available for analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) variables, in healthy individuals, it was possible to determine the evolutionary behavior of three representative components of parasympathetic nervous system function (RMSSD, PNN50, and HF ms2), in different age groups of the life cycle: newborns, children and adolescents, young adults, and, finally, middle-aged adults. A near-parabolic and nonsynchronous behavior was observed among the different variables evaluated, with low values at first, then progressive elevation, and later fall, approximating the values of the newborns to the values of middle-aged adults and suggesting that the autonomic nervous system, at least relatively to its parasympathetic component, undergoes a growing maturation that is completed in the young adult and later suffers a progressive degeneration, completing the life cycle. This fact should be considered when comparing the analysis between healthy individuals and those with different states of pathological impairment
Right Heart Remodeling in Patients with End-Stage Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis: Speckle Tracking Point of View
BACKGROUND:
Data regarding cardiac remodeling in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis are scarce. We sought to investigate right atrial (RA) and right ventricular (RV) structure, function, and mechanics in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis.
METHODS:
This retrospective cross-sectional investigation included 67 end-stage cirrhotic patients, who were referred for evaluation for liver transplantation and 36 healthy controls. All participants underwent echocardiographic examination including strain analysis, which was performed offline.
RESULTS:
RV basal diameter and RV thickness were significantly higher in patients with cirrhosis. Conventional parameters of the RV systolic function were similar between the observed groups. Global, endocardial, and epicardial RV longitudinal strains were significantly lower in patients with cirrhosis. Active RA function was significantly higher in cirrhotic patients than in controls. The RA reservoir and conduit strains were significantly lower in cirrhotic patients, while there was no difference in the RA contractile strain. Early diastolic and systolic RA strain rates were significantly lower in cirrhotic patients than in controls, whereas there was no difference in the RA late diastolic strain rate between the two groups. Transaminases and bilirubin correlated negatively with RV global longitudinal strain and RV-free wall strain in patients with end-stage liver cirrhosis. The Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, predictor of 3-month mortality, correlated with parameters of RV structure and systolic function, and RA active function in patients with end-stage liver cirrhosis.
CONCLUSIONS:
RA and RV remodeling is present in patients with end-stage liver cirrhosis even though RV systolic function is preserved. Liver enzymes, bilirubin, and the MELD score correlated with RV and RA remodeling
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