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Applying machine learning to predict future adherence to physical activity programs.
BackgroundIdentifying individuals who are unlikely to adhere to a physical exercise regime has potential to improve physical activity interventions. The aim of this paper is to develop and test adherence prediction models using objectively measured physical activity data in the Mobile Phone-Based Physical Activity Education program (mPED) trial. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first to apply Machine Learning methods to predict exercise relapse using accelerometer-recorded physical activity data.MethodsWe use logistic regression and support vector machine methods to design two versions of a Discontinuation Prediction Score (DiPS), which uses objectively measured past data (e.g., steps and goal achievement) to provide a numerical quantity indicating the likelihood of exercise relapse in the upcoming week. The respective prediction accuracy of these two versions of DiPS are compared, and then numerical simulation is performed to explore the potential of using DiPS to selectively allocate financial incentives to participants to encourage them to increase physical activity.Resultswe had access to a physical activity trial data that were continuously collected every 60βsec every day for 9βmonths in 210 participants. By using the first 15βweeks of data as training and test on weeks 16-30, we show that both versions of DiPS have a test AUC of 0.9 with high sensitivity and specificity in predicting the probability of exercise adherence. Simulation results assuming different intervention regimes suggest the potential benefit of using DiPS as a score to allocate resources in physical activity intervention programs in reducing costs over other allocation schemes.ConclusionsDiPS is capable of making accurate and robust predictions for future weeks. The most predictive features are steps and physical activity intensity. Furthermore, the use of DiPS scores can be a promising approach to determine when or if to provide just-in-time messages and step goal adjustments to improve compliance. Further studies on the use of DiPS in the design of physical activity promotion programs are warranted.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01280812 Registered on January 21, 2011
a randomized controlled trial
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Όλ¬Έ(λ°μ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅λνμ : μκ³Όλν μκ³Όνκ³Ό, 2021.8. μ΅νμ§.Background - Since lifestyle modification is the cornerstone of the obesity treatment, digital therapeutics (DTx) became one of the compelling and easily accessible treatment modalities.
Objective - This research proposes to validate the treatment efficacy, understand behavioral changes by eating behavioral analysis, identify the predictive digital phenotypes for engagement and clinical outcomes, and examine genetic precision medicine of a novel digital therapeutic for obesity (dCBT-O).
Method β This was an open-label, active-comparator, randomized controlled trial. Seventy female participants with body mass index (BMI) scores above 24kg/mΒ² and no clinical problems besides obesity were randomized into experimental and control groups. The experimental group (dCBT-O group; 45 participants) was connected with a therapist intervention using a digital healthcare service that provided daily feedback and assignments for 8 weeks. The control group (25 participants) also used the digital healthcare service but practiced self-care without therapist intervention. Regarding the validating treatment efficacy, the primary outcomes of this study were objectively measured: weight in kg as well as other body compositions at 0, 8, and 24 weeks. Also, several eating behavioral phenotypes were assessed by buffet test-meal and food diary in app to examine the healthy behavioral change. Regarding the predictors for treatment efficacy, multidimensional digital phenotypes within time-series data were analyzed by elastic net regression method and obesity-related SNPs were genotyped from dCBT-O group.
Result β Both weight (β3.1%, SD 4.5, vs β0.7%, SD 3.4; p = 0.036) and fat mass (β6.3%, SD 8.8, vs β0.8%, SD 8.1; p = 0.021) reduction at 8 weeks in the dCBT-O group were significantly higher than in the control group. Applying the machine learning approach, sixteen types of digital phenotypes (i.e., lower intake of high calorie food and evening snack, higher interaction frequency with mentors) predicted engagement rates, thirteen different digital phenotypes (i.e., lower intake of high calorie food and carb, higher intake of low calorie food) predicted the short-term weight change, and eight measures of digital phenotypes (i.e., lower intake of carb and evening snack, higher motivation) predicted the long-term weight change. The dCBT-O was also successful in promoting healthy eating behaviors that led to physiological and psychological adjustment for the metabolic mechanisms and consequences of healthy eating behavior. Lastly, CETP and APOA2 SNPs were significantly associated with the change in BMI (p = 0.028 and p = 0.005, respectively) at 24 weeks and eating behavioral phenotypes (p = 0.007 for healthy diet diversity and p = 0.036 for healthy diet proportion, respectively), the clinical efficacy markers of this study.
Conclusion β These findings confirm that the multidisciplinary approach via digital modalities enhances the clinical efficacy of digital-based interventions for obesity. Moreover, it contributes to better understand the mechanisms of human eating behavior related to weight control. This line of research may shed light on the development of advanced prevention and personalized digital therapeutics.λΉλ§μ λνμ μΈ μνμ΅κ΄ μ§λ³μΌλ‘ μλ €μ Έ μλ€. λ°λΌμ, ν¨κ³Όμ μΈ λΉλ§ μΉλ£λ₯Ό μν΄μλ λ€μ°¨μμ μΈ μΉλ£μ μ κ·Όμ΄ μ€μμλλλ°, λμ§νΈ μΉλ£μ (Digital Therapeutics; DTx)λ μ΄λ¬ν μ κ·Όμ μ΅μ ν λμ΄μλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ λͺ©μ μ μλ‘ κ°λ°ν λΉλ§ λμ§νΈ μΉλ£μ μ ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό μμμ μ§νλ€κ³Ό μμ νλ νννλ€μ λ³νλ₯Ό κΈ°λ°μΌλ‘ κ²μ¦νλ©°, μΉλ£μ μμλμ ν¨κ³Όμ±μ μμΈ‘ν μ μλ λμ§νΈ νννλ€κ³Ό μ μ νλ€μ νμνλ κ²μ΄λ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ BMI 24 μ΄μ, κΈ°ν μμμ μΈ μ¦μμ 보μ΄μ§ μλ 70λͺ
μ 2-30λ μ¬μ±λ€μ λμμΌλ‘ λμ‘°κ΅° λλΉ λΉλ§ λμ§νΈ μΉλ£μ κ΅°(Digital Therapeutic for Obesity; dCBT-Oκ΅°)μ 1:2 λΉμ¨μ 무μμλ°°μ μμμνμ μννμλ€. dCBT-Oκ΅°μ λΉλ§ μΉλ£λ μμμ¬λ¦¬ν μ 곡 λ° λμ§νΈ ν¬μ€μΌμ΄ μ λ¬Έκ°κ° 8μ£Ό λμ μ§ννμμΌλ©°, 24μ£Όμ°¨μλ μΉλ£ ν κ²½κ³Όμ λν νκ°λ₯Ό μ€μνμλ€. λΉλ§ λμ§νΈ μΉλ£μ ν¨κ³Ό κ²μ¦μ μ£Όμ μ§νλ 체μ€μ λΉλ‘―ν λ€μν μ 체 κ³μΈ‘ μ§νλ€μ λ³νμ΄λ€. μ΄μ°¨ μ§νλ λ·νμ€νκ³Ό λͺ¨λ°μΌ μ΄ν리μΌμ΄μ
λ΄ μλ¨κΈ°λ‘μμ μμ§λ μμνλ νννλ€μ κΈ°λ°μΌλ‘ 건κ°ν μμνλ λ³νμ΄λ€. μΉλ£ μμλ λ° ν¨κ³Ό μμΈ‘ μΈμλ€μ λ°κ΅΄νκΈ° μν΄μλ λ€μ°¨μμ μΈ μκ³μ΄ λμ§νΈ νννλ€μ λ¨Έμ λ¬λ κΈ°λ²μΌλ‘ λΆμνμλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ , μΉλ£ λ°μ μμ€μ μμΈ‘νλ μ μ νλ€μ μ°ΎκΈ° μν΄ λ¨μΌμΌκΈ°λ€ν(Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms; SNP) λΆμμ μννμλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ μ£Όμ κ²°κ³Όλ‘ μ²«μ§Έ, 8μ£Όκ° μΉλ£ μ§ν dCBT-Oκ΅°μ μ²΄μ€ λ³νκ° λμ‘°κ΅°μ μ²΄μ€ λ³νμ λΉν΄ μ μλ―Ένκ² κ°λνμμΌλ©°, μΉλ£ μ’
λ£ ν 24μ£Όμ°¨λ 체μ€μ΄ κ°λ λ° μ μ§λμλ€. λμ§Έ, dCBT-Oκ΅°μ μμνλμ΄ λμ‘°κ΅°μ μμνλμ λΉν΄ μ μλ―Ένκ² κ±΄κ°ν μμνλμΌλ‘ μ¦μ§λμλ€. μ
μ§Έ, λ¨Έμ λ¬λ λΆμμ κ²°κ³Ό 16κ°μ§ λμ§νΈ νννλ€μ΄ μΉλ£μ μμλλ₯Ό μμΈ‘νκ³ , 13κ°μ§ λμ§νΈ νννλ€μ΄ λ¨κΈ°μ μΈ μΉλ£ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό μμΈ‘νλ©°, 8κ°μ§ λμ§νΈ νννλ€μ΄ μ₯κΈ°μ μΈ μΉλ£ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό μμΈ‘νμλ€. λ§μ§λ§μΌλ‘, CETPμ APOA2 SNP μ μ νλ€μ΄ μ 체κ³μΈ‘ λ³νμ μμνλλ³νμ μ μλ―Έν μκ΄μ 보μλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ λμ§νΈ κΈ°μ μ νμ©ν λ€νμ μ μΈ μ κ·Όμ΄ λΉλ§ λμ§νΈ μΉλ£μ μ μμ ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό ν₯μμν¨λ€λ κ²μ 보μ¬μ€λ€. λν λ€μ°¨μμ μΈ λΆμμ ν΅ν΄ μ²΄μ€ μ‘°μ κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨λ μΈκ°μ μμ νλμ λ©μ»€λμ¦μ λ μ μ΄ν΄νλ λ° κΈ°μ¬νλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μ²¨λ¨ μλ°©μνκ³Ό μ λ°μνμ μν λμ§νΈ μΉλ£μ κ°λ°μ μ€μν ν¨λ¬λ€μμ μ μν κ²μ΄λ€.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Part I. Validating the treatment efficacy and finding its predictive markers: development of a dCBT-O 6
Part II. Eating behavioral analysis using buffet test-meal and food diary in app: understanding human eating behavior change by dCBT-O 8
Part III. Digital phenotyping using machine-learning analysis: identifying a predictive model for engagement in application and clinical outcomes of dCBT-O 11
Part IV. Genetic analysis for predicting the clinical responses: genetic precision medicine of dCBT-O 14
Chapter 2. Method 19
Chapter 3. Results 40
Chapter 4. Discussion 75
Perspectives A. Main issues related to DTx for obesity and eating behavior problems 91
Perspectives B. Limitations of DTx being applied in the clinics 96
Perspectives C. Future perspectives and recommendations 96
Chapter 5. Conclusion 99
Bibliography 100
Abstract in Korean 118
Acknowledgement 120λ°
Addressing data accuracy and information integrity in mHealth using ML
The aim of the study was finding a way in which Machine Learning can be applied in mHealth Solutions to detect inaccurate data that can potentially harm patients. The result was an algorithm that classified accurate and inaccurate data
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