Digital Image Watermarking Using LSB Method

Nowadays, the transmision of data is very important and it has been carried out by using digital media (Internet, e-mail). There are some problems that may occur in the transmission of digital media data which is associated with data security level to be sent. Base on that condition, the thought of doing data concealment are emerge. Digital image is one of the most common media used by the community. Digital watermarking is one of cryptography methods which used to hide data into digital image so that the data sent cannot be identified by the irresponsible people. Data encryption is used to improve the security of data to be sent. Internet as the world's largest network system that connects nearly all computer worlds, making all the c omputers in the world is increasingly easy to exchange data. There are so many digital data falsification has occurred. Digital falsification of data aimed to succeed the counterfeiting syndicate these hidden plans. the falsification problem of digital data will from be resolved by applying the watermarking using LSB method (Least Significant Bit)

Focal Spot, Fall 1985

https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/focal_spot_archives/1041/thumbnail.jp

The Achilles heel of a strong private knowledge sector: evidence from Israel

Scientific research in universities is a critical and powerful component of knowledge creation for any society. However, for a country like Israel, one with no resources but its human capital – and that faces constant regional instability - scientific research is crucial for its existence. Historically, there was a fundamental understanding that in such a small country only universities can ensure viable, profound and high-calibre research, by critical mass of human capital and by optimising its resources. In this study, we look at the role of Israeli research universities in the National R&D System, why Israel is unique in its R&D structure, and how that structure is related to the universities' roles. We found that, despite Israel's outstanding ranking, in comparison to other OECD countries, for its R&D inputs and outputs, the Israeli universities' R&D output – measured in patents – is highly volatile and mostly affected by the country's strong business sector. This finding has implications regarding the strengthening of specific fields of research and the discussion about the role of universities in conducting applied vs basic research

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