Pola Citra Suhu Permukaan Pada Sapi Perah Yang Diukur Menggunakan Kamera Termal Inframerah

Kamera termal inframerah adalah perangkat yang digunakan untuk memeriksa suhu permukaan dengan cara non-kontak dan non-invasif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai normal suhu permukaan di berbagai wilayah pada 15 ekor sapi perah betina di Ciomas, Bogor menggunakan pencitraan termal pada indeks suhu-kelembaban 71 dan menentukan wilayah yang akan diduga suhu rektal. Suhu permukaan tubuh diambil dengan kamera termal FLIR One Pro LT, sedangkan suhu inti diukur menggunakan termometer melalui rektum. Uji statistik dengan metode ANOVA. Temperatur permukaan diukur pada bagian hidung, pipi, mata, dada, perut, bagian kiri depan, bagian kanan depan, bagian kiri belakang dan bagian belakang kanan, dan daerah vulva dengan rata-rata 34,81 C, 32,64 C, 37,59 C, 32,46 C, 32,81 C, 37,41 C, 37,16 C, 36,33 C, 36,04 C, dan37,30 C, termasuk suhu rektal 37,88 C. Dengan analisis statistik, suhu permukaan mata, kuarter kiri depan, kuarter kanan depan, dan area vulva, tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (P> 0,05) dengan suhu rektal. Suhu permukaan dipengaruhi oleh suhu inti, suhu lingkungan, dan regulasi pembuluh darah. Peningkatan suhu permukaan menunjukkan adanya peradangan. Daerah terbaik untuk memperkirakan suhu rektal adalah daerah mata

PEMETAAN POLA SUHU PERMUKAAN TUBUH KUDA MENGGUNAKAN KAMERA TERMAL INFRAMERAH

Infrared thermal camera is an alternative and non-invasive method used to identify various physiological and pathological process related to body surface temperature changes.  The aim of this research was to study the body surface temperature pattern based on the observed regios. Three horses were randomly selected as animal experiments. Thermal image data was collected at 17.00 – 19.00 WIB for five days. Images were retrieved from seven regios: head, thorax, abdomen, and four lower legs. The result of horse A’s surface temperature in five days on head, thorax, abdomen, front left leg, front right leg, rear left leg, and rear right leg regios were 33.42, 33.49, 33.56, 31.30, 31.48, 31. 33.14, 31.34 °C, respectively. The resulf of horse B’s surface tempereture were 33.55, 33.65, 33.64, 31.45, 31.35, 31.53, 31.48 °C, respectively. The resulf of horse C’s surface tempereture were 33.45, 33.55, 33.60, 31.37, 31.45, 31.34, 31.42 °C, respectively. The result showed that difference on horse A’s rear left leg (p<0.05) because of inflamation. Inflamation recovery process on horse A occured on the fifth day, indicated by a drop in temperature and a change in colors on thermal image. Color noises on some images were color difference between objects and poor color saturation. Color noises on thermal images did not affect the results of temperature interpretation.

Identification of African antelope species: using thermographic videos to test the efficacy of real-time thermography

Real-time thermography using the live-view function of a thermal camera has considerable potential to improve surveys of nocturnal wildlife relative to traditional spotlighting, while also decreasing disturbance. However, ability to identify species accurately is paramount. We use video as a proxy for real-time thermography to test African antelope identification accuracy among 34 observers of differing experience. Overall accuracy was 41% but there were substantial species-specific differences (e.g. wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) = 81%; reedbuck (Redunca arundinum) = 12%). Observer experience was significantly positively related to accuracy (inexperienced = 30%; expert = 61%) with experienced observers being better able to use subtle movement and behavioural information to identify animals. However, the effect of experience was inconsistent between species: even experts found some species challenging (e.g. waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) where coat patterning was invisible thermographically). Self-assessed confidence did not correlate with accuracy. Observers who were good at identifying species were also good at assessing group size. We conclude that real-time thermography is not a “magic bullet” and the understanding of species-specific effectiveness is vital. However, for some species and some groups of observers, accuracy can be extremely high (e.g. 100% for expert observers viewing wildebeest). Tailored training is essential for real-time thermography to be a reliable field technique

Empirically testing the effectiveness of thermal imaging as a tool for identification of large mammals in the African bushveldt

Monitoring animal populations often relies on direct visual observations. This is problematic at night when spotlighting can cause misidentification and inaccurate counting. Using infrared thermography (IRT) could potentially solve these difficulties, but reliability is uncertain. Here, we test the accuracy of 24 observers, differing in experience and skill levels, in identifying antelope species from IRT photographs taken in the African bush. Overall, 38% of identifications were correct to species level and 50% were correct to genus/subfamily level. Identification accuracy depended on the confidence and skill of the observer (positive relationship), the number of animals present (positive relationship), and the distance at which it was taken (negative relationship). Species with characteristic features, horn morphology, or posture were identified with ~80% accuracy (e.g. wildebeest, kudu, impala) while others were considerably lower (e.g. blesbok, waterbuck). Experience significantly improved identification accuracy but the effect was not consistent between species and even experienced observers struggled to identify red hartebeest, reedbuck and eland. Counting inaccuracies were commonplace, particularly when group size was large. We conclude that thermal characteristics of species and experience of observers can pose challenges for African field ecologists but IRT can be used to identify and count some species accurately, especially <100m

Latitude, longitude, and beyond:mining mobile objects' behavior

Rapid advancements in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), and wireless communications, have resulted in a surge in data generation. Mobility data is one of the various forms of data, which are ubiquitously collected by different location sensing devices. Extensive knowledge about the behavior of humans and wildlife is buried in raw mobility data. This knowledge can be used for realizing numerous viable applications ranging from wildlife movement analysis, to various location-based recommendation systems, urban planning, and disaster relief. With respect to what mentioned above, in this thesis, we mainly focus on providing data analytics for understanding the behavior and interaction of mobile entities (humans and animals). To this end, the main research question to be addressed is: How can behaviors and interactions of mobile entities be determined from mobility data acquired by (mobile) wireless sensor nodes in an accurate and efficient manner? To answer the above-mentioned question, both application requirements and technological constraints are considered in this thesis. On the one hand, applications requirements call for accurate data analytics to uncover hidden information about individual behavior and social interaction of mobile entities, and to deal with the uncertainties in mobility data. Technological constraints, on the other hand, require these data analytics to be efficient in terms of their energy consumption and to have low memory footprint, and processing complexity

Is the dingo top dog? : the influence of dingo management on the behaviour of introduced carnivores in arid Australia, with implications for native fauna conservation

An improved understanding of how ecosystems function is important for effective natural resource management and biodiversity conservation. Recent research suggests that top-order predators have important ecological roles in many ecosystems through controlling populations of smaller predators. This thesis examined how the management of Australia's apex predator, the dingo (Canis lupus dingo), influenced the activity and behaviour of two introduced mesopredators, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cat (Felis catus) and select prey species. The aim was to increase our understanding of the role dingoes may play in the conservation of endangered fauna through the trophic regulation of exotic mesopredators. The study monitored the activity and behaviour of dingoes, foxes, feral cats and select prey species at five sites in arid Australia. Dingo management varied between the study sites. Sites included areas where dingoes remained uncontrolled, where dingoes were controlled through exclusion fencing and where 1080 poison baiting was conducted. At each site the activity of predators and prey, including macropods, rabbits and small vertebrates was monitored over two summers. Sampling times included prior to, three months post and one year post a significant rainfall event. Transects and scent stations were used to measure activity while behaviour was monitored through direct observation and the use of a thermal imaging camera attached to a remote recording system. Results showed the management of dingoes to be a key determinant of the activity of foxes and select prey, including macropods, rabbits and small mammals. Feral cat activity showed a positive response to both dingo and fox control through poison baiting. Dingo management also affected the activity of mesopredators around shared resources, particularly in proximity to water resources. Both feral cats and foxes showed an avoidance response to the presence of dingoes around water points, and again feral cats displayed an increased response to the removal of both canids. Habitat use by mesopredators did not appear to be affected by dingo management, and while foxes showed a behavioural avoidance response, limited data was collected on the response of feral cats to dingoes at shared food and water resources so results were inconclusive. The results of this study supported the presence of top-down regulation occurring in the arid ecosystems under some conditions and that behavioural mechanisms, such as avoidance, are important in the ability of dingoes to regulate smaller predator populations. While arid ecosystems are traditionally viewed as "bottom-up" or productivity driven, evidence from this research showed that while the strength of trophic regulation by dingoes may fluctuate, top-down effects occurred both prior to and post significant rainfall events at the study sites. In particular, strong relationships were found between dingo management, fox activity and fox behaviour at the study sites regardless of rainfall. In conclusion, it may be that dingoes provide a net benefit to prey populations, particularly medium-sized and small mammals, through reducing predatory impacts of foxes and under some conditions, feral cats. Thus retaining dingo populations in some ecosystems may assist in the management of biodiversity over the long term, including the conservation of native fauna populations susceptible to fox and feral cat predation. While further research into the trophic effects of dingoes in other bioregions is recommended, through improving our understanding of such trophic interactions, results from this research could assist managers in making more ecologically informed decisions about control of top-order carnivores in arid areas