Experimental Evaluation of a Low-Cost Digital Sign-Posts Architecture for ITS Applications

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40509-4_21Integrating road signs information is becoming a critical goal for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Unlike other driving automation features, this capacity requires not only the vehicle, but also posts and infrastructure to be adapted thus involving an investment that can only be justified by a substantial number of users. In this paper we describe an architecture that aims to facilitate the introduction and deployment of this technology based on low cost devices as the digital sign-posts and the integration of smartphones as an alternative in-vehicle user-interface. Wireless communications based on IEEE 802.11 is used for the basic connectivity requirements. From the results obtained through an experimental evaluation, we show that, despite the smartphone constraints, we can achieve successful detection and recognition experiences at up to 90 km/h. Ultimately the experiment described confirms that the use of smartphones represents an opportunity to expand wireless technology in the traffic sign digitalisation area.This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Programa Estatal de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, Proyectos I+D+I 2014, Spain, under Grant TEC2014-52690-R.Fernandez Laguía, CJ.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Manzoni, P. (2016). Experimental Evaluation of a Low-Cost Digital Sign-Posts Architecture for ITS Applications. En Ad-hoc, Mobile, and Wireless Networks. Springer. 294-307. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40509-4_21S294307Alkim, T.P., Bootsma, G., Hoogendoorn, S.P.: Field operational test the assisted driver. In: IEEE 2007 Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, pp. 1198–1203. IEEE, Istanbul (2007)Trübswetter, N., Bengler, K.: Why should i use ADAS? Advanced driver assistance systems and the elderly: knowledge, experience and usage barriers. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design, pp. 495–501. Bolton Landing, New York (2013)Maenpaa, K., Sukuvaara, T., Ylitalo, R., Nurmi, P., Atlaskin, E.: Road weather station acting as a wireless service hotspot for vehicles. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing (ICCP), pp. 159–162. IEEE, Cluj-Napoca (2013)Djahel, S., Smith, N., Wang, S., Murphy, J.: Reducing emergency services response time in smart cities: an advanced adaptive and fuzzy approach. In: 2015 IEEE First International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), pp. 1–8. IEEE, Guadalajara (2015)Yoshimichi, S., Koji, M.: Development and evaluation of in-vehicle signing system utilizing RFID tags as digital traffic signs. Int. J. ITS Res. 4(1), 53–58 (2006)Pérez, J., Seco, F., Milanés, V., Jiménez, A., Díaz, J.C., De Pedro, T.: An RFID-based intelligent vehicle speed controller using active traffic signals. Sensors 10(6), 5872–5887 (2010)Naja, R.: Wireless Vehicular Networks for Car Collision Avoidance. Springer, New York (2013)Huang, W., Zhongdong, Y., Zhu, F., Yang, L., Wang, F. Y.: Applicability of short range wireless networks in V2I applications. In: 2013 16th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems-(ITSC), pp. 231–236. IEEE, The Hage (2013)ETSI, TCITS: Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); European profile standard on the physical and medium access layer of 5 GHz ITS. Draft ETSI ES 202.663 (2009): V0Murray, D., Dixon, M., Koziniec, T.: Scanning delays in 802.11 networks. In: The 2007 International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Applications, Services and Technologies (NGMAST 2007), pp. 255–260. IEEE, Cardiff (2007)Brouwers, N., Zuniga, M., Langendoen, K.: Incremental wi-fi scanning for energy-efficient localization. In: 2014 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom), pp. 156–162. IEEE, Budapest (2014)Choi, P., Gao, J., Ramanathan, N., Mao, M., Xu, S., Boon, C.C., Fahmy, S.A., Peh, L.S.: A case for leveraging 802.11 p for direct phone-to-phone communications. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, pp. 207–212. ACM, La Jolla (2014

Dosimetric study of the radiolectric influence of humans into complex environments through determistic simulations and the implementation of a simplified model

The research presented in this thesis falls under the framework of dosimetry and deterministic estimations. A dosimetric study is carried out with the aid of a 3D Ray Launching simulation technique, by means of an in-house developed code at UPNA. Dosimetry is defined as the calculation of the absorbed dose when a tissue is exposed to electromagnetic radiation, in this case, non-ionizing radiation. It has reached a great importance since a part of the society starts to show concern about the exposure of people to artificial exposures caused by mobile phones or Wi-Fi networks. In fact, some entities (administrations and health bodies) are involved in the regulation and the release of guidelines about this subject. The objective of this thesis is to study dosimetry through 3D Ray Launching simulation technique, calibrating it by the implementation of several scenarios where the simulation tool is tested throughout the comparison of theoretical and measurement results. A simplified human body has been also developed with the aim of employing it in different scenarios, performing dosimetric estimations and providing insight on its influence in the electromagnetic power distribution inside an indoor scenario. Finally, obtained results are compared with different guideline thresholds giving an idea of the compliance of the law when usual wireless communication systems are emitting.Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Tecnologías de las Comunicaciones (RD 1393/2007)Komunikazioen Teknologietako Doktoretza Programa Ofiziala (ED 1393/2007