Annotated imports

Presented simple extensions to scala language related to import statements: exported imports, which provide ability to reuse sequence of import clauses in composable form and default rewriters, which provide mechanism for pluggable macro-based AST transformation of overall compilation unit, activated by import of library object. Using these facilities not only allows more compact code, it prevents application programmer from producing certain type of errors too and allows to implement local language extension as libraries on top of standard compiler. Part of discussed extensions is submitted to scala language committee as pre-sip \cite{ai-presip} and can be used as first step for refining imports semantics in the future version of scala language

Constructing a lattice of Infectious Disease Ontologies from a Staphylococcus aureus isolate repository

A repository of clinically associated Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) isolates is used to semi‐automatically generate a set of application ontologies for specific subfamilies of Sa‐related disease. Each such application ontology is compatible with the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO) and uses resources from the Open Biomedical Ontology (OBO) Foundry. The set of application ontologies forms a lattice structure beneath the IDO‐Core and IDO‐extension reference ontologies. We show how this lattice can be used to define a strategy for the construction of a new taxonomy of infectious disease incorporating genetic, molecular, and clinical data. We also outline how faceted browsing and query of annotated data is supported using a lattice application ontology

Translating semantic web service based business process models

We describe a model-driven translation approach between Semantic Web Service based business process models in the context of the SUPER project. In SUPER we provide a set of business process ontologies for enabling access to the business process space inside the organisation at the semantic level. One major task in this context is to handle the translations between the provided ontologies in order to navigate from different views at the business level to the IT view at the execution level. In this paper we present the results of our translation approach, which transforms instances of BPMO to instances of sBPEL

Mitogenome and Nuclear-encoded Fungicide-target Genes of Thecaphora frezii - Causal Agent of Peanut Smut

Background: Thecaphora frezii Carranza and Lindquist causes smut disease in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) resulting in up to 35% yield losses. Fungicides have shown ineffective in controlling the disease; whereas research on the molecular basis of that fungicide resistance has been hindered because of the lack of genetic information about T. frezii. The goal of this work was to provide molecular information about fungicide-target loci in T. frezii, including its mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) and critical nuclear-encoded genes. Results: Here we report the complete annotated mitogenome of T. frezii, a 123,773 bp molecule containing the standard 14 genes that form part of mitochondrial complexes I, III, IV and V, 22 transfer RNAs, small and large subunits of ribosomal RNA, DNA polymerase, ribonuclease P, GII-reverse transcriptase/maturase, nine hypothetical open-reading frames and homing endonucleases (LAGLIDADG, GIY-YIG, HEG). In addition, we report the full-length cDNA sequence of T. frezii cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1) genes; as well as partial sequences of T. frezii succinate dehydrogenase (sdhb), ergosterol biosynthesis (Erg4), cytochrome P450 (cyp51), and beta tubulin (β-tubulin) genes, which are respective targets of strobilurins, quinone oxidation inhibitors, triazoles and beta-tubulin inhibitor fungicides commonly used in the peanut crop. Translation of cob and sdhb genes in this particular T. frezii isolate suggests potential resistance to strobilurin and carboxamide fungicides. Conclusion: The mitogenome and nuclear-encoded gene sequences presented here provide the molecular tools to research T. frezii fungicide-target loci

Trading out of Poverty: WTO Agreements and the West African Agriculture. A Report of the Food Security II Cooperative Agreement

This report is a brief survey of WTO agreements and their implications for the West African economies (including Chad). The study reviews the positions of West African countries on various WTO issues and compares these positions with positions expressed by major trade partners, particularly the Cairns Group, the European Union, Japan, Sub-Sahara Africa, and the United States.food security, food policy, world trade organization, poverty, West Africa, international trade, market access, Food Security and Poverty, International Relations/Trade, Downloads July 2008-July 2009: 29, F0,

Trade and Employment Effects of the Andean Trade Preference Act - 2006

[Excerpt] The submission of this report to the Congress continues a series of reports by the U.S. Department of Labor on the impact of the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) on U.S. employment. The current report covers calendar year 2006 and represents the fourteenth in the series. The ATPA, enacted on December 4, 1991, authorized the President to proclaim duty-free treatment for eligible articles from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The ATPA expired on December 4, 2001, but was subsequently expanded in product coverage and renewed to December 31, 2006, by the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA) that was signed into law by the President on August 6, 2002. Prior to its expiry, on December 20, 2006, the program was extended for six months and, on June 28, 2007, it was extended for an additional eight months through February 2008. Section 207 of the ATPA directs the Secretary of Labor to undertake a continuing review and analysis of the impact of these preferences on U.S. employment and submit a summary report of such analysis annually to the Congress. During 2006, $13.5 billion in U.S. imports from the beneficiary countries entered the United States duty-free under the provisions of the APTA. This represents about 60 percent of all U.S. imports from the beneficiary countries in 2006, but just 0.7 percent of total U.S. imports from all sources. This$13.5 billion in imports includes $2.9 billion in imports that entered duty-free under the provision of the original ATPA (excluding the ATPDEA amendments) and$10.6 billion in imports that entered duty-free under the ATPDEA’s provisions for expanded product coverage. Of the $2.9 billion in imports that entered duty-free under the provision of the original ATPA (excluding the ATPDEA amendments), approximately one-third or$1 billion, could have qualified for duty-free entry under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) and were not exclusive benefits of the ATPA. All items that entered under the ATPDEA’s provisions for expanded product coverage were exclusive benefits of the ATPA. Overall, U.S. imports from the beneficiary countries that benefited exclusively from the original ATPA (on eligible products not eligible for GSP) and the ATPDEA amendments (all covered products) amounted to $12.5 billion in 2006, which represented about 56 percent of all U.S. imports from the beneficiary countries, but just 0.7 percent of total U.S. imports from all sources. The main finding of this report is that preferential tariff treatment under the provisions of the original ATPA and the ATPDEA amendments has neither had an adverse impact on, nor posed a significant threat to, U.S. employment