Plants used to treat diabetes in Sri Lankan Siddha Medicine

In recent decades diabetes, most notably type 2, has become a considerable health problem in countries like Sri Lanka. Siddha Medicine is one of the four traditional medicines practised in Sri Lanka. α-Glucosidase inhibitors are one of the drugs types currently used to treat type 2 diabetes. However, they cause adverse side effects. The aims of this project are to identify, document, and make publicly available the plants historically and currently utilised to treat diabetes in Sri Lankan Siddha Medicine and identify one or more compounds capable of inhibiting α-glucosidase from the various plants studied. Historical documents used as Siddha Medicine degree textbooks in Sri Lankan universities were employed to obtain details on the plant species historically utilised. Apart from this, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka to identify the plant species currently used by Siddha empirical healers. Based on both the information from the historical documents and survey as well as the elimination of globally distributed and very well studied plant species, Achyranthes aspera, Coccinia grandis, Ipomoea aquatica, Mukia maderaspatana, and Artocarpus heterophyllus were selected for further study. The α-glucosidase inhibition assay was used to test inhibitory activity and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy was employed for metabolite profiling. In addition, Orthogonal Partial Least Square - Discriminant Analysis was employed to identify the compounds that showed α-glucosidase inhibition. Overall 171 species in 73 families were identified from the historical documents. Among them, Senna auriculata had been the most frequently cited species and the largest number of taxa was from the Fabaceae. Consultations with 27 Siddha empirical healers revealed 88 species from 46 families are currently used, while Syzygium cumini was the most frequently reported species. Remarkably, one-third of the currently used species was not listed in the historical documents. Again, Fabaceae yielded the largest number of species applied. The literature review of the documented plant species revealed that the majority of the species had in vivo antidiabetic evidence and the most number of studies were conducted in Type 1 diabetes models. The methanol extract of mature A. heterophyllus leaf exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among the various extracts tested. Additionally, 38 samples of mature A. heterophyllus leaves had a range of IC50 values from 7.56 to 185.03 µg/ml. There was a correlation observed between the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and the climatic conditions of the region from which the plant specimens used to prepare the extract was collected and the phytochemical composition. Metabolite profiling identified that Artoheterophyllin B might be the α-glucosidase inhibitory compound found in the mature A. heterophyllus leaves. Hence, further phytochemical and pharmacological studies should be carried out to confirm this. This work created the foundation for more efficient studies of antidiabetic Sri Lankan SM preparations and the plants utilised in the future

Pharmacological Evaluation of Leaves Extract from Rivea Ornata Roxb.

From the study entitled "Pharmacological Evaluation of Leaves Extract from Rivea ornata Roxb., the following conclusion could be drawn. ❖ The present study has thus duly supported the traditional use of methanolic Extract of Rivea ornata Roxb. have scientifically proved the antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, analgesic, antipyretic and wound healing activity. ❖ Apart from the suggested actions listed in discussion part absence of acute toxicity and sub acute toxicity may also offer a new hope for safe treatment in future. ❖ Preliminary phytochemical study of methanolic extract of Rivea ornata Roxb. was found to contain Carbohydrates, Steroids, Alkaloids, Glycosides, Tannins, Phenolic compounds, Gums and mucilage are present. ❖ Presence of Alkaloids, Tannins and Glycosides in the methanolic extract of Rivea ornata Roxb. was observed in IR & HPTLC analysis. Though present in small quantities, it was found to produce considerable effects. ❖ The results of acute toxicity study indicate that the methanolic extract of Rivea ornata was non-toxic up to dose level of 2000mg/kg body weight in albino rats as per acute oral toxicity studies. 1/10th of the LD50 Dose is 200mg/kg is used for Pharmacological screening. ❖ The results of subacute toxicity study indicate that the methanolic extract of Rivea ornata was non-toxic in chronic administration. ❖ The methanolic extract of Rivea ornata at a dose of 200mg/kg exhibited significant hypolipidemic activity in Triton X 100 induced hyperlipidemic rats. This is showed by the reduction of serum lipid parameters such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL with an increase in HDL concentration in the group treated with 200mg/kg of methanolic Extract of Rivea ornata. ❖ The methanolic extract of Rivea ornata at a dose of 200mg/kg showed significant antidiabetic activity in Alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats. This is showed by the reduction of blood glucose level in the group treated with 200mg/kg of methanolic extract of Rivea ornata. ❖ The methanolic extract of Rivea ornata was subjected to the Tail immersion and hot plate method Analgesic test, showed a significant analgesic effect. ❖ The methanolic extract of Rivea ornata was subjected to the Antipyretic activity against Brewer’s yeast induced hyperpyrexia showed a significant reduce in body temperature of the animals treated with 200mg/kg of methanolic extract of Rivea ornata. ❖ The methanolic extract of Rivea ornata was subjected to the wound healing activity, showed a significant wound healing effect on excision wound in rats. ❖ In future, further investigation might provide an insight to identify the functional groups in the methanolic extract of Rivea ornata responsible for the antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, analgesic, antipyretic and wound healing activity and to elucidate the exact mechanism of action, which is responsible for the observed significant activity with low toxicity and better therapeutic index

A Pharmacological Evaluation for the Ethanolic Extract of Alpinia Calcarata Rhizome for it’s Anti - Asthmatic, Antioxidant and Anti - Inflammatory Activities

INTRODUCTION:Medicinal plants such as Aloe, Tulsi, Neem, Turmeric and Ginger cure several common ailments. These are considered as home remedies in many parts of the country. It is known fact that lots of consumers are using Basil (Tulsi) for making medicines, black tea, in Pooja and other activities in their day to day life. In several parts of the world many herbs are used to honour their kings showing it as a symbol of luck. Now, after finding the role of herbs in medicine, lots of consumers started the plantation of tulsi and other medicinal plants in their home gardens. Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development either pharmacopoeial, non- pharmacopoeial or synthetic drugs. A part from that, these plants play a critical role in the development of human cultures around the whole world. Moreover, some plants are considered as important source of nutrition and as a result of that they are recommended for their therapeutic values. Some of these plants include ginger, green tea, walnuts, aloe, pepper and turmeric etc. Some plants and their derivatives are considered as important source for active ingredients which are used in aspirin and toothpaste etc. AIM & OBJECTIVES: In recent year there has been tremendous increase in demand for herbal drugs because of its safety, efficacy and better therapeutic results. Due to its economic pricing as compared to synthetic or allopathic drugs, which have several therapeutic compilations. Alpinia calcarata is also considered to be therapeutically important in traditional system of medicine. Aim of the study to evaluate the anti-asthmatic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizome. The objective study includes 1. To study the anti-asthmatic effect of ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes. 2. To study the in vitro antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes. 3. To study the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes. SUMMARY: Herbal formulations used in the treatment of asthma include some anti-stress herbs to enable adoption to stress since excessive stress or nervous debility may aggravate symptoms of asthma. The normalization effect of an adaptogen can be observed in milk induced leukocytosis after administration of milk. Also eosinophil play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders. The plant extract showed marked protection against eosinophil cell count, which is a hallmark of allergic asthma as compared to control group. The reduction in eosinophil count means inhibition in eosinophil cell recruitment and inhibition of interleukins such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 which play important role in eosinophil cell count. So the milk induced leukocytosis and eosinophilic study revealed anti asthmatic property of the plant extract. Histamine contracts the tracheal-bronchial muscle of guinea pig, goat, horse, dog and man. Guinea pig trachea is used for the screening of anti-asthmatic activity. The H1 receptor after stimulation produces well-ordered dose related contraction of isolated guinea pig trachea. In current study Alpinia calcarata significantly inhibited histamine induced contraction of isolated guinea pig trachea preparation indicating its H1 receptor antagonist activity and supports anti asthmatic property of the plant. The antioxidant property was studied by hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and reducing power assay. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability of ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes revealed that the extract scavenge the hydrogen peroxide. However, the hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability was low comparing to standard (ascorbic acid). Reducing power of ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes significantly increased with increasing concentration. The in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes had shown concentration dependent inhibition of protein denaturation, hypotonicity induced haemolysis of rabbit red blood cell membrane stabilization. CONCLUSION : The result of the investigation showed that the ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes possess anti asthmatic activity. The antioxidant and antiinflammatory property of the plant also supports its anti-asthmatic property. Drugs effective in asthma are mostly steroidal in nature. Phytochemical analysis showed presence of flavonoid and steroids. The anti-asthmatic property showed by the plant may be because of these chemical moieties. The results obtained in the study supports the traditional and also demands further research and to isolate and characterize active principles responsible for anti-asthmatic activity

Transcriptome analysis and identification of flowering regulatory genes using RNA-seq in the strobilus development of Pinus densiflora

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 농업생명과학대학 농림생물자원학부, 2023. 2. 강규석.In the case of seed plants, flowering is an essential process for survival and reproduction, and various genetic changes occur during the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. Compared to angiosperms, in which studies on various flowering regulatory genes have been conducted, research in coniferous species is lacking. Increasing the expression of the flowering control genes in conifers will increase cone production, induce early flowering, and accelerate tree breeding program. In this study, samples were collected from the reproductive organs of Pinus densiflora, and then a reference transcriptome of P. densiflora was generated using RNA-seq data. The transcriptomes were compared and analyzed for each reproductive organ, and biological and physiological characteristics and flowering control genes of P. densiflora were identified. Seven candidate genes for flowering regulatory (Pinus densiflora APETALA2-LIKE(PdAP2L), DEFICIENTS AGAMOUS-LIKE(PdDAL), MINICHROMOSOME MAINTENANCE1 AGAMOUS DEFICIENS SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR 1(PdMADSI), SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1(PdSOC1), SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 3(PdSPL3), UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS(PdUFO), WUSCHE(PdWUS)) were found in P. densiflora. And these genes were expressed not only in the apex and the female cones, but also in various vegetative organs. In the future, it will be possible to extract the exact nucleotide sequence of each candidate gene and verify its function through transformation. Finally, it is expected that various flowering control genes of P. densiflora can be registered in public databases.종자식물에게 개화 현상은 생존과 번식을 위해 필수적인 과정이며, 영양생장에서 생식생장으로의 전환 과정에는 다양한 유전적 변화가 발생한다. 다양한 개화 조절 유전자에 대한 연구가 이루어진 속씨식물과 비교했을 때, 겉씨식물인 침엽수의 경우에는 해당 연구가 부족한 상황이다. 침엽수에서 개화 조절 유전자의 발현을 증가시킨다면 구과 생산량이 증가할 것이며, 조기 개화를 유도한다면 육종 속도를 가속화함으로써 이른 차대검정이 가능할 것이다. 본 연구에서는 소나무(Pinus densiflora)의 생식기관별로 RNA를 추출한 뒤, RNA-seq 데이터를 이용하여 소나무의 표준전사체를 생성하였다. 그리고 기관별로 전사체를 비교 분석하여 소나무 암구과 및 수구과 발달의 생물학적 및 생리적 특성과 개화 조절 유전자를 탐색하였다. 본 연구결과에서 7종류(Pinus densiflora APETALA2-LIKE(PdAP2L), DEFICIENTS AGAMOUS-LIKE(PdDAL), MINICHROMOSOME MAINTENANCE1 AGAMOUS DEFICIENS SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR 1(PdMADSI), SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1(PdSOC1), SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 3(PdSPL3), UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS(PdUFO), WUSCHE(PdWUS))의 후보 개화 조절 유전자를 발견하였으며, 해당 유전자들은 정단과 암구과뿐만 아니라 다양한 영양기관에서도 발현하였다. 추후 후보 유전자들의 정확한 서열을 추출하여 형질전환을 통해 그 기능을 검증할 수 있을 것이다. 최종적으로 소나무의 다양한 개화 조절 유전자들을 공개 데이터베이스에 등록 가능할 것이라 기대한다.제1장 서 론 1 제1절 연구의 배경 1 제2절 연구의 목적 4 제2장 연 구 사 5 제1절 소나무 구과 발달 특성 연구 5 제2절 식물 전사체 발현 및 시퀀싱 연구 7 제3절 종자식물의 개화유전자 연구 9 제3장 재료 및 방법 12 제1절 실험 재료 및 샘플 채취 12 제2절 RNA 추출, cDNA 라이브러리 제작 및 Illumina 시퀀싱 14 제3절 소나무의 표준전사체 생성 16 제4절 발현량 정량화 및 DEG 분석 18 제5절 소나무 기관 비교별 GO enrichment 분석 19 제6절 상동성 기반의 개화 조절 유전자 탐색 20 제7절 qRT-PCR과 NGS 데이터의 상관분석 21 제4장 연구결과 24 제1절 소나무 전사체의 시퀀싱과 표준전사체 생성 24 제2절 소나무 기관들의 유전자 차등 발현 27 제3절 소나무 기관별 분자세포생물학적 특성 비교 35 제4절 소나무의 후보 개화 조절 유전자 탐색 및 기관별 비교 51 제5절 DEG 발현량에 대한 qRT-PCR 검증 58 제5장 고 찰 59 제1절 소나무 구과 발달 과정의 생물학적 및 생리적 특성 59 제2절 소나무 개화 조절 유전자의 발현 특성 66 제6장 결 론 71 참고 문헌 72 Appendix 87 Abstract 93석

Pharmacological evaluation of phragmanthera capitata (sprengel) balle, loranthaceae :a parasiticmistletoe growing on rubber trees

Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell.) is the world’s major source of natural rubber and a major non-oil, agricultural export commodity in the producing countries in Africa. However, it is highly susceptible to specific mistletoes of the Loranthaceae family. Phragmanthera capitate (Sprengel) Balle is the major mistletoe parasitizing the rubber tree plantations in Africa and hence, alongside with other mistletoes, has attracted indiscriminate destruction from plantation owners. Indiscriminate destruction of plants could be as a result of ignorance of the importance or benefit(s) of the plants and this could lead to their extinction if not checked. Hence, there is the need for scientific documentation of plants and their uses because, from the pharmacological perception, the destruction of a plant could result in the permanent loss of a potential drug. Therefore, this study was aimed at documenting and evaluating the pharmacological potentials of P. capitata collected from rubber tree. Fresh leaves were gently rinsed with water and dried. Dried leaves were pulverised and kept at 4oC when not in use. Pulverised leaves were extracted with acetone, methanol, ethanol and water and concentrated to give the respective solvent crude extracts used in most of the assays. From the extraction, Methanol had the highest yield of 21.5percent, water had 10.8percent and acetone was 6.87percent while ethanol had the lowest yield of 4.3percent. Standard spectrophotometry assays on the extracts were used to quantify some major phytochemicals of pharmacological interest and also to determine the antioxidant potentials of the sample. The result revealed high amounts of phenols (175.53 ± 0.32 mg GAE/g to 218.62 ± 3.38 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (197.06 ± 3.80 mg QE/mg to 679.82 ± 6.26 mg QE/g) and proanthocyanidins (128.83 ± 1.69 mg CE/g to 645.68 ± 6.35 mg CE/g) with the acetone extract having the highest amount of the phytochemicals while the aqueous extract had the least. The results of the antioxidant assays revealed that the sample had high radical scavenging potentials with comparable inhibitory concentrations to standard antioxidant drugs. The proximate and mineral analysis on the pulverised sample showed that it is rich in carbohydrate with a composition of 57.73 ± 0.33 g/100 g. Protein, fat and fibre compositions were 12.50 ± 0.50 g/100 g, 3.34 ± 0.18 g/100 g and 11.66 ± 0.54 g/100g. The total energy composition was 310.97 ± 2.30 Kcal/100 g. The mineral composition revealed high potassium level of 1047.83 ± 34 mg/100g. Calcium (6.22.58 ± 0.01 mg/100g), magnesium (361.15 ± 0.01 mg/100 g) and phosphorous (115.40 ± 0.01 mg/100 g) were also present in appreciable amounts. The toxicity of the four extracts was assayed using brine shrimp. The LC50 in all the solvent extracts was greater than 1 mg/mL which according to Meyer’s index and other indexes signify “no toxicity” for crude plant extracts. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was done using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against 10 bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Vibrio cholera, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli) and 4 fungi (Trichophyton mucoides, Trichophyton tonsurans, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) of human pathogenic strains. The MIC of the antibacterial assay ranged from 1.25 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL for the organic extracts while no activity was observed in the aqueous extract at the highest concentration tested. However, the aqueous extract had a great inhibitory activity on all four of the tested fungi with a MIC of ≤ 0.3125 mg/mL to 1.25 mg/mL while only two fungi (Trichophyton Tonsurans and Aspergillus niger) were susceptible to the organic extracts. The MIC of the TB causative pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv) strain ranged from 25 μg/mL (acetone and aqueous extracts) to 50 μg/mL in the ethanol extract while it was > 50 μg/mL (highest concentration tested) in the methanol extract. This study revealed that the sample has the potential in phytotherapy against oxidative stresses (inflammations) caused by free radicals. It could also be a useful herb in combating diseases caused by pathogenic organisms. The high anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity observed in this study suggests it could be a plant with high promise in the fight against tuberculosis. The toxicity evaluation signifies it is safe for further plant-based pharmaceutical explorations. This study also validated some reported ethnopharmacological uses of this plant and call for its protection from indiscriminate destruction in rubber plantations and other crop gardens/plantations in the world

Broncho Dilator and Anti-Histaminic Activity of Activity of Vellai Erukkan Samula Parpam (Calotropis Gigantea,Linn) & Anti-Cancer Activity of Guru Pathangam

BRONCHO DILATOR AND ANTI-HISTAMINIC ACTIVITY OF ACTIVITY OF VELLAI ERUKKAN SAMULA PARPAM: Vellai Erukkan Samulam was collected in erode and purified and dried in sunshade and make into ash and make a gajapudam and stored in the airtight container. This drug was subjected for various studies by the author. Vellai erukkan samula parpam was selected for this study to establish the action on swasa kasam. To collect information about the drug, various text books, literature the title were referred. From them, the authour came to an idea about the drug and its efficacy on swasa kasam. A brief description in botanical aspect of vellai erukkan samula parpam, its identifying characters and phytochemical datas given. The wide use of vellai erukkan samula parpam according to gunapadam aspect as well as in various siddha literature were discussed with much importancde to that of preparation related to anti kapha properties. Chemical analysis of the drug shows that it is soluble in hcl. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of calcium, iron are important in respiratory diseases. The pharmacological analysis is showed that the drug has got significant anti histamine and bronchodilator activity action.Clinical studies of 50 patients diagnosed as swasa kasam according to siddha aspect as well as laboratory investigation and peak flow meter reading of both sex selected. They were treated as both out patient and inpatient. All the patients received vellai erukkan samula parpam in a dose 100mg twice a day with honey after meals. It revealed that the test drug possess good relief. Moderate relief and mild relief. During the clinical trail all the patients receiving vellai erukkan samula parpam has no complaints of adverse effects. ANTI-CANCER ACTIVITY OF GURU PATHANGAM: In the buccal cancer, treatment aspect of modern side is surgery, radiation, chemotherapy. Above said treatments are given more side effects and the buccal area is so important for other activities also. So we preserve it only way by correct medications. So the need of internal drug for buccal mucosa is urgent need for the world. In the present study with the drug “GURUPATHANGAM” the following inferences could be attained. Gurupathangam is the type of alchemic process medicine. Siddha literature evidences that this drug effectively teats buccal cancer. The chemical analysis showed the presence of essential elements like calcium, sulphur (cancer preventer) SEM analysis shows the particle size of the drug and gives the hope to the chronic and killer disease. The acute toxicity and subacute toxicity study revealed that the drug belonged to classI I and hence we are used in long period. So, based on the results it can be concluded that the Guru Pathangam falls under the category of drug with high toxicity and it can be suggested that the use of Guru Pathangam more than 5mg/kg clinically for long-term therapy orally may cause severe toxic symptoms like liver damage, respiratory ailments and kidney damage. Therefore the dose reduction is essential to avoid untoward effects on long-term therapy. The anticancer study of the drug in experimental animal Dalton lymphoma celline models proved it to be an effective anticancer drug. The clinical study showed its efficacy in treating buccal cancer in humans too

Evaluation of selected botanicals as insecticides against cabbage insect pests in Tanzania

A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science and Engineering of the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and TechnologySynthetic pesticides are frequently and unwisely used to control cabbage insect pests by smallholder farmers despite the environmental pollution and insect pests’ resistance development. This work assessed the insecticidal efficacy of botanicals from Tephrosia vogelii, Croton dichogamus and Syzygium aromaticum against cabbage insect pests in Northern Tanzania. Firstly, larvicidal action of extracts against Crocidolomia binotalis and Plutella xylostella larvae was assessed in the laboratory. Secondly, insecticidal and synergistic actions of aqueous extracts against cabbage insect pests were assessed in field experiment. Lastly, chemical compounds in S. aromaticum and in C. dichogamus were determined. The larvicidal activities of extracts were assessed for mortality of ten larvae into 9 cm Petri-dishes for 24 hours of exposure. Chlorpyrifos and acetone were used as a positive and negative control, respectively. The insecticidal efficacy of 10%, 5% and 1% w/v of T. vogelii, C. dichogamus and S. aromaticum aqueous extracts and their mixture (2.5% and 5%) was assessed against cabbage insect pests in the field. Chlorpyrifos was used as a positive control, and water and water plus soap were used as negative controls. The GC-MS was used for compounds identification in C. dichogamus and in S. aromaticum. Results from the study revealed that S. aromaticum extract (16, 24 and 32 mg/mL), T. vogelii (24 and 32 mg/mL) and C. dichogamus (32 mg/mL) gave 100 ± 0.0% mortality of C. binotalis larvae after 24 hours of exposure. Moreover, S. aromaticum extract (8, 16, 24 and 32 mg/mL), T. vogelii (16, 24 and 32 mg/mL) and C. dichogamus (32 mg/mL) gave 100 ± 0.0% mortality of P. xylostella larvae after 24 hours of exposure. The aqueous extracts from those plants significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lowered the population of cabbage insect pests compared with negative controls. The 5% of aqueous extract from mixed plants possessed significantly (P ≤ 0.01) lower population of cabbage insect pests in both wet seasons compared with other concentrations. Then, it was followed by 10% of S. aromaticum, C. dichogamus and T. vogelii aqueous extracts and 1% and 5% of aqueous extracts of S. aromaticum, C. dichogamus and T. vogelii and 2.5% of aqueous extracts from the mixed plants significantly lowered the population of insect pests compared with negative controls in both seasons. The compounds identified in S. aromaticum, at higher percent were Eugenol (52.66%); Eugenol acetate (20.46%) and β-caryophyllene (7.52%). Moreover, the compounds identified in C. dichogamus at higher percent were 4,6-Bis (4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy)-2-pyrimidinol (25.08%); Cholestan-6-en-3-ol (18.63%) and 1-Heptadecene (7.34%). These compounds could be responsible for larvicidal and insecticidal activities against cabbage ii insect pests. Therefore, these plants can be recommended to be used by smallholder farmers for cabbage insect pest control at higher concentrations and development of insecticides