Towards Name Disambiguation: Relational, Streaming, and Privacy-Preserving Text Data

In the real world, our DNA is unique but many people share names. This phenomenon often causes erroneous aggregation of documents of multiple persons who are namesakes of one another. Such mistakes deteriorate the performance of document retrieval, web search, and more seriously, cause improper attribution of credit or blame in digital forensics. To resolve this issue, the name disambiguation task 1 is designed to partition the documents associated with a name reference such that each partition contains documents pertaining to a unique real-life person. Existing algorithms for this task mainly suffer from the following drawbacks. First, the majority of existing solutions substantially rely on feature engineering, such as biographical feature extraction, or construction of auxiliary features from Wikipedia. However, for many scenarios, such features may be costly to obtain or unavailable in privacy sensitive domains. Instead we solve the name disambiguation task in restricted setting by leveraging only the relational data in the form of anonymized graphs. Second, most of the existing works for this task operate in a batch mode, where all records to be disambiguated are initially available to the algorithm. However, more realistic settings require that the name disambiguation task should be performed in an online streaming fashion in order to identify records of new ambiguous entities having no preexisting records. Finally, we investigate the potential disclosure risk of textual features used in name disambiguation and propose several algorithms to tackle the task in a privacy-aware scenario. In summary, in this dissertation, we present a number of novel approaches to address name disambiguation tasks from the above three aspects independently, namely relational, streaming, and privacy preserving textual data

An Investigation of Sport Sponsorship Antecedents and Outcomes through Levels of Sponsor Prominence

Currently, global sport sponsorship is a multi-billion dollar industry that continues to show strong year-to-year growth (IEG, 2016). Additionally, the current body of sport sponsorship literature has reported the effects of salient attitudinal and behavioral constructs on sponsorship effectiveness. For example, previous studies have indicated that the perceived sincerity and attitude toward a sponsor do positively effect a consumer\u27s behavioral intentions toward a sponsor (Speed & Thompson, 2000; Biscaia, Correia, Rosado, Ross, & Maroco, 2013). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to measure consumer attitudes and behavioral intent toward sponsor, through experimental design, when exposed to one of three hypothetical sponsorship scenarios. The hypothetical sponsors were classified by their level of national market prominence (e.g. national, regional, or local) and participants completed an online survey containing salient attitudinal and behavioral constructs. The final sample size was 1162 and were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. The final MIMIC model exhibited data-model fit very well. Results indicated that local sponsors, when covaried by a hypothetical sponsor’s level of national market prominence, were the best predictor of consumer attitudes and behavioral intent

Creativity in organizations: Antecedents and outcomes of individual creativity

In this dissertation I set out to expand our collective understanding of creativity in organizations. I accomplish this through three related studies, each organized into independent chapters of this dissertation. The first study explores how demands of organizations, particularly strategic contradictions faced by decision makers, affect creative processes and products. In this chapter I develop the theory of paradoxical creativity, which posits that creative discovery is a function of how strategic contradictions are perceived by decision-makers. The key insight of the theory of paradoxical creativity is that strategic contradictions have independent effects on the two stages of creative discovery (generation and evaluation of ideas) and that a strategic contradiction will result in creativity, as opposed to inertia, when these two cognitive indicators are balanced. This study adds to existing scholarship by describing potential individual differences in how strategic contradictions are perceived and how they can be managed for performance. While the first study explored the antecedents of creativity, the second explores creativity as the antecedent condition. In this study I look at how creativity affects the decision to act on innovative breakthroughs. The central argument of this study is that incremental creativity is more likely to result in innovative breakthroughs than is radical creativity and that more successful innovators are more likely to engage in incremental, rather than radical, creativity. Incremental creativity is more amendable to management, because its outcomes are more predictable. Resultantly, decision-makers are more likely to act on incremental ideas. Because incremental ideas survive transfer to the workplace, they provide an opportunity for creative elaboration. Elaboration feeds the earlier stages of idea generation by helping the innovator refine the idea and can result in better understanding of idea usefulness, new generation, more incubation, and further elaboration. This process creates a virtuous cycle that can result in breakthrough innovation and is more amenable to strategic management in conditions with limited resources and competition. The third study explores creativity as the mediating variable. This study relies on crowdfunding data collected from the Kickstarter.com platform to test whether a sustainability orientation affects funding success of online projects and whether this relationship is moderated by creativity. Findings suggests that a hybrid approach, one combining a sustainability and profitability orientation, will result in higher product creativity and as such result in more funding for the new venture

EFFECT OF UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON WITHIN TEAMS THROUGH AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE PROCESS WITH THE ROLE OF CONTEXT

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :경영대학 경영학과,2020. 2. 최진남.Employee creativity has become the essential element for the survival and success of contemporary organizations under the fast-changing business environment. The increase in the importance of team systems in the flood of information has increased the attention to creativity in social relationship. This study combines social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954) and a dual-pathway model of creativity (De Dreu, Baas, & Nijstad, 2008) to propose a framework that exhibits the process in which the social comparison of creative ability between team members influences individual creativity. In particular, this study focuses on the upward social comparison that individuals experience frequently in real team situations (Gerber, Wheeler, & Suls, 2018). I proposed the process model that upward social comparison influences individual creativity through emotional and cognitive responses. This study examined the emotional response to upward social comparison within teams based on two dimensions, namely, activation and valence, to answer recent calls for the shift to the dimensional approach of emotions from multiple disciplines. Cognitive demotivation was also added to the cognitive flexibility and persistence, which are the two cognitively motivated states from the dual pathway model, in examining cognitive responses following emotions. This study also explored the processes that emotional and cognitive processes lead to three aspects of creativity, namely, radical creativity, incremental creativity, and creative disengagement. Using a multi-source multi-wave data, this study empirically validated that upward social comparison largely positively affects emotions and is related to radical and incremental creativity through cognitive flexibility. This research provides novel insights for researchers and practitioners by offering theoretical elaboration of the effects of social comparison processes on creativity and providing unique empirical validation of the model in the context of teams in actual organizations.사회발전의 속도가 빨라지고 이에 따라 소비자들의 취향변화도 급격해지면서 사회 각계각층의 다양한 니즈를 맞추기 위하여 기업 인재들의 창의성은 기업의 존속과 성공을 위한 필수적 요소가 되었다. 특히 기술의 고도화와 정보의 홍수속에서 개인보다 팀으로 업무를 처리해야하는 일이 많아지면서, 이러한 사회적 관계속에서의 창의성에 대한 고려가 주목받고 있다. 본 연구는 그 중요성에도 불구하고 창의성 문헌에서 충분히 고려되지 못했던 사회비교이론(Festinger, 1954)을 창의성의 이중경로모델(De Dreu et al., 2008)과 결합시켜, 창의적 능력에 대한 팀원들 간의 비교가 직원 개개인의 창의성에 미치는 프로세스를 새로이 밝혔다. 특히, 실제 팀 조직에서 개인들이 더욱 빈번히 경험하는 상향비교 상황에 초점을 맞추어(Gerber et al., 2018), 창의적 능력에 대한 팀원들과의 상향비교가 정서적, 인지적 반응을 통해 창의성에 도달하는 과정을 살펴보았다. 다양한 문헌에서 정서의 차원적 접근(dimensional approach)의 중요성을 강조함에 따라, 본 연구에서는 활성화(activation)와 정서가(valence) 두 가지 차원을 바탕으로 팀내 상향비교에 대한 정서적 반응을 살펴보았다. 또한, 정서에 이은 인지적 반응을 살펴봄에 있어, 이중경로모델에서 제시한 인지적 유연성, 인지적 지속성에 인지적 비동기화(cognitive demotivation)상태를 추가하였고, 이러한 정서적, 인지적 반응이 창의성의 세가지 측면, 즉 급진적 창의성, 점진적 창의성, 비관여적 창의성으로 연결되는 프로세스를 분석하였다. 한달 간격으로 팀원 및 팀장에게 2회에 걸쳐 수집한 데이터를 통해, 본 연구는 상향비교가 활성화된 긍정적 정서를 통해 인지적 활성화에 영향을 미치며, 인지적으로 유연한 상태일 때 창의성이 발휘됨을 검증했다. 본 논문은 기존에 실험연구를 통해 이론적으로 제시되었던 가설들을 발전시켜 실제 기업에서 최초로 실증 분석함으로써, 현실 기업에서의 팀내 사회적 관계가 창의성에 미치는 영향을 구체적으로 알아보았다는 점에서 의의를 가진다.LIST OF TABLES 6 LIST OF FIGURES 7 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 8 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 15 1. Review of Creativity Research 15 1.1. Definitions of Creativity 15 1.2. Radical and Incremental Creativity 17 1.3. Antecedents of Creativity 18 1.4. Emotion and Creativity 22 1.5. Dual Pathway to Creativity 24 2. Review of Social Comparison Theory 26 2.1. Definition of Social Comparison 26 2.2. Upward and Downward Comparison 27 2.3. Affective Consequences of Social Comparison 29 2.4. Focus on Upward Comparison 31 2.5. Discrete Emotion to Emotion Circumplex Model 33 2.5.1. Discrete Emotions 34 2.5.2. Dimensional Approach 35 2.5.3. Discrete Emotion to Dimensional Approach 38 2.6. Possible Determinants of the Affective Consequences of Social Comparison 40 2.6.1. Relevance of the Comparison Dimension 42 2.6.2. Perceived Attainability 44 2.6.3. Social Comparison Orientation 48 3. Conclusions 50 CHAPTER 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 53 1. Introduction 54 2. Theoretical Development and Hypotheses 58 2.1. Social Comparison Theory 59 2.2. Organizational Context for Creativity: Creative Requirement 62 2.3. Organizational Context for Creativity: Resource for Creativity 63 2.4. Intervening Process: Emotional Reaction to Upward Social Comparison 64 2.5. Intervening Process: Cognitive Process 68 2.6. Radical Creativity, Incremental Creativity, and Creative Disengagement 72 CHAPTER 4. EMPIRICAL STUDY 78 1. Sample and Data Collection Procedure 78 2. Ethical Considerations 80 3. Measurement 80 CHAPTER 5. RESULTS 85 1. Preliminary Analysis 85 2. Multilevel Analytic Strategy 86 3. Hypotheses Testing 90 CHAPTER 6. DISCUSSION 99 Summary of Findings 99 Implications on Creativity Literature 100 Implications on Social Comparison Literature 102 Implications to EmotionCognition Literature 106 Practical Implications 109 Limitations and Future Research Directions 110 CONCLUSION 112 REFERENCE 114 APPENDIX 130 국문초록 134Docto

The adoption process of low-carbon home retrofit among UK homeowners: a socio-technical perspective and system dynamics model

The promotion of low-carbon home retrofit among UK homeowners is widely recognised as an important strategy to reduce energy consumption and mitigate climate change. The current literature points to a lack of understanding of the combined links between retrofit motivation, decision processes, physical characteristics of low-carbon retrofits and post-retrofit energy use. To address this issue, the thesis conceptualises low-carbon retrofit as an innovation process situated in the context of meanings people attach to their homes. The research uses a multiple-case study design approach in an empirical analysis of eight home retrofit case studies of homeowners, who achieved more than 60% carbon emission reductions as a result of retrofit activities. The theoretical framework for the thesis uses the notion of affordance to develop a framework of home-meanings, and combines it with Rogers’ innovation diffusion theory to conceptualise retrofit as a process, situated and shaped by the conditions of everyday life. Hockey’s motivation control theory of fatigue is used to develop a system dynamics simulation model and develop insights into the implementation difficulties during low-carbon retrofit process. The main insights of the thesis are: (i) low-carbon homes are associated with enhanced feelings of comfort, safety, security and control, as well as an identity of a broader social responsibility; (ii) low-carbon home retrofit as an innovation encompasses three aspects: a product, a design option and a socio-technical system; (iii) homeowners collect information through different communication channels, which are non-substitutable by one another; (iv) a positive retrofit experience for homeowners is necessary for low post-retrofit energy use, as well as to persuade others to retrofit their homes. A feeling of control over the retrofit experience, which can be achieved through a step-by-step retrofit approach, might ease the implementation burden for homeowners. Future research is necessary to investigate how such feeling is established during retrofit

A study of EU data protection regulation and appropriate security for digital services and platforms

A law often has more than one purpose, more than one intention, and more than one interpretation. A meticulously formulated and context agnostic law text will still, when faced with a field propelled by intense innovation, eventually become obsolete. The European Data Protection Directive is a good example of such legislation. It may be argued that the technological modifications brought on by the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are nominal in comparison to the previous Directive, but from a business perspective the changes are significant and important. The Directive’s lack of direct economic incentive for companies to protect personal data has changed with the Regulation, as companies may now have to pay severe fines for violating the legislation. The objective of the thesis is to establish the notion of trust as a key design goal for information systems handling personal data. This includes interpreting the EU legislation on data protection and using the interpretation as a foundation for further investigation. This interpretation is connected to the areas of analytics, security, and privacy concerns for intelligent service development. Finally, the centralised platform business model and its challenges is examined, and three main resolution themes for regulating platform privacy are proposed. The aims of the proposed resolutions are to create a more trustful relationship between providers and data subjects, while also improving the conditions for competition and thus providing data subjects with service alternatives. The thesis contributes new insights into the evolving privacy practices in the digital society at an important time of transition from the service driven business models to the platform business models. Firstly, privacy-related regulation and state of the art analytics development are examined to understand their implications for intelligent services that are based on automated processing and profiling. The ability to choose between providers of intelligent services is identified as the core challenge. Secondly, the thesis examines what is meant by appropriate security for systems that handle personal data, something the GDPR requires that organisations use without however specifying what can be considered appropriate. We propose a method for active network security in web software that is developed through the use of analytics for detection and by inserting data generators into a software installation. The active network security method is proposed as a framework for achieving compliance with the GDPR requirements for services and platforms to use appropriate security. Thirdly, the platform business model is considered from the privacy point of view and the implication of “processing silos” for intelligent services. The centralised platform model is considered problematic from both the data subject and from the competition standpoint. A resolution is offered for enabling user-initiated open data flow to counter the centralised “processing silos”, and thereby to facilitate the introduction of decentralised platforms. The thesis provides an interdisciplinary analysis considering the legal study (lex lata) and additionally the resolution (lex ferenda) is defined through argumentativist legal dogmatics and (de lege ferenda) of how the legal framework ought to be adapted to fit the described environment. User-friendly Legal Science is applied as a theory framework to provide a holistic approach to answering the research questions. The User-friendly Legal Science theory has its roots in design science and offers a way towards achieving interdisciplinary research in the fields of information systems and legal science

Pervasive Personal Information Spaces

Each user’s electronic information-interaction uniquely matches their information behaviour, activities and work context. In the ubiquitous computing environment, this information-interaction and the underlying personal information is distributed across multiple personal devices. This thesis investigates the idea of Pervasive Personal Information Spaces for improving ubiquitous personal information-interaction. Pervasive Personal Information Spaces integrate information distributed across multiple personal devices to support anytime-anywhere access to an individual’s information. This information is then visualised through context-based, flexible views that are personalised through user activities, diverse annotations and spontaneous information associations. The Spaces model embodies the characteristics of Pervasive Personal Information Spaces, which emphasise integration of the user’s information space, automation and communication, and flexible views. The model forms the basis for InfoMesh, an example implementation developed for desktops, laptops and PDAs. The design of the system was supported by a tool developed during the research called activity snaps that captures realistic user activity information for aiding the design and evaluation of interactive systems. User evaluation of InfoMesh elicited a positive response from participants for the ideas underlying Pervasive Personal Information Spaces, especially for carrying out work naturally and visualising, interpreting and retrieving information according to personalised contexts, associations and annotations. The user studies supported the research hypothesis, revealing that context-based flexible views may indeed provide better contextual, ubiquitous access and visualisation of information than current-day systems

The Creative Process: The Effects of Domain Specific Knowledge and Creative Thinking Techniques on Creativity

As we move further into the 21st century there are few processes that are more important for us to understand than the creative process. The aim of this thesis is to assist in deepening that understanding. To achieve this a review of the literature is first undertaken. Combining the many different streams of research from the literature results in the development of a four-stage model of the creative thinking process. The four stages are problem definition, idea generation, internal evaluation, and idea expression. While a large range of factors influence the various stages in this model, two factors are identified for further analysis as their effect on creativity is unclear. These two factors are domain-specific knowledge and creative thinking techniques. The first of these factors relates to the first stage of the creative thinking process (problem definition), specifically the extent to which informational cues prime domain specific knowledge that then sets the starting point for the creative combination process. The second factor relates to stage two of the model (idea generation), and the proposition by some researchers and practitioners that creative output can be significantly improved through the use of techniques. While the semantics of these techniques differ, fundamentally all techniques encourage the use of divergent thinking by providing remote associative cues as the basis for idea generation. These creative thinking techniques appear to result in the opening of unusual memory categories to be used in the creative combination process. These two potential influences on the creative outcomes of individuals: 1) domain specific knowledge, and 2) creative thinking techniques, form the basis for an experimental design. Qualitative and quantitative research is undertaken at two of the world's leading advertising agencies, and with two student samples, to identify how creative thinking techniques and domain-specific knowledge, when primed, influence creative outcomes. In order to measure these effects a creative thinking measurement instrument is developed. Results found that both domain-specific knowledge and creative thinking techniques are key influences on creative outcomes. More importantly, results also found interaction effects that significantly extend our current understanding of the effects of both primed domain-specific knowledge and creativity techniques on different sample populations. Importantly, it is found that there is no 'one size fits all' for the use of creative thinking techniques, and to be effectively applied, creative thinking techniques must be developed based upon the respondent's current domain and technique expertise. Moreover, the influence of existing domain-specific knowledge on individual creativity is also dependent upon how that information is primed and the respondent's knowledge of cognitive thinking strategies