Parallel hydraulic pressure assist/work circuit hybrids for automated side loader refuse vehicles

2012 Summer.Includes bibliographical references.Hydraulic hybrids have been a subject of study for some time now and the application of these hybrids to refuse vehicles has been thoroughly explored. There is a lesser known subset of these which are known as pressure assist or work circuit hybrids that have unique potential to the field. Work circuit hybrids operate similar to a parallel hydraulic hybrid in that energy is captured and stored during regenerative braking. These hybrids differ in that the energy is then used to operate the hydraulic cylinders that handle and compact the refuse rather than reaccelerating the vehicle. Work circuit hybrids can be applied to many types of vehicles but the refuse vehicle application is the focus of this study. It was known prior to this study that work circuit hybrids are a potential solution to improve the fuel economy of refuse vehicles. However, prior to this study, the design of a work circuit hybrid had not been outlined in the literature. It was the goal of this thesis to answer the following questions. What are the fuel economy and cost characteristics of an optimized work circuit hybrid, and can an advanced hydraulic work circuit design justify further development towards productization? To answer these questions the study began by exploring, at a high level, the feasibility of work circuit hybrids on refuse vehicles. Then, two automated side loader, 28 cubic yard (21.4 m3), McNeilus Street Force MA refuse vehicles that operate on residential routes throughout Denver's surrounding areas were instrumented to produce drive cycle and hydraulic duty cycle data. This data was used to understand vehicle operation and to validate a reverse facing dynamic model of the stock refuse vehicle. A hybrid model was then produces and used in conjunction with a non-linear optimization algorithm to determine the potential benefit of this technology. This study concluded that a work circuit hybrid providing energy to the arm of a side loader refuse vehicle could achieve a 2.3% reduction in fuel consumption with a 4 year payback period using optimally sized hybrid components. The fuel usage reduction for these hybrids is limited to how well the available energy from regenerative braking is matched with the energy required by the work circuit. For this study, only 16% of the braking energy was utilized due to the selection of vehicle and hydraulic circuit. Work circuit hybrids also enable the use of an idle stop control logic, creating a unique opportunity to combine these two technologies yielding a fuel savings of 21.6% for the same vehicle. There are still some challenges to overcome before this technology can be truly understood. One such challenge is the fact that these hybrids require control of the torque converter lock up clutch and the transmission shifting strategy to make an engine driven configuration feasible. Implementing idle stop may also have hidden challenges including energy losses and emissions issues. However, it is the conclusion of this study that work circuit hybrids do offer a unique set of desired characteristics that warrant further development for future use in the field

Design of On-Chip Self-Testing Signature Register

Over the last few years, scan test has turn out to be too expensive to implement for industry standard designs due to increasing test data volume and test time. The test cost of a chip is mainly governed by the resource utilization of Automatic Test Equipment (ATE). Also, it directly depends upon test time that includes time required to load test program, to apply test vectors and to analyze generated test response of the chip. An issue of test time and data volume is increasingly appealing designers to use on-chip test data compactors, either on input side or output side or both. Such techniques significantly address the former issues but have little hold over increasing number of input-outputs under test mode. Further, test pins on DUT are increasing over the generations. Thus, scan channels on test floor are falling short in number for placement of such ICs. To address issues discussed above, we introduce an on-chip self-testing signature register. It comprises a response compactor and a comparator. The compactor compacts large chunk of response data to a small test signature whereas the comparator compares this test signature with desired one. The overall test result for the design is generated on single output pin. Being no storage of test response is demanded, the considerable reduction in ATE memory can be observed. Also, with only single pin to be monitored for test result, the number of tester channels and compare edges on ATE side significantly reduce at the end of the test. This cuts down maintenance and usage cost of test floor and increases its life time. Furthermore reduction in test pins gives scope for DFT engineers to increase number of scan chains so as to further reduce test time

A study of resistojet systems directed to the space station/base Final report

Biowaste resistojet subsystem for integrated environmental control and life support of space statio

Laboratory Testing to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Caprocks for CO2 Storage

The increased anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a serious concern due to its effects on global climate change. Capture of CO2 from point sources and storage in the porous rocks of deep saline reservoirs is considered a practical choice for reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. A fundamental necessity for long-term storage of CO2 in saline reservoirs is the integrity of non-permeable rock called the caprock. The caprock overlies the porous saline reservoir and prevents migration of CO2 upwards out of the reservoir. As such, the primary focus of this research is to test the effectiveness of caprock as a seal or barrier to fluid migration under representative conditions of a geological storage site. Additionally, a secondary focus is the assessment of the rock thermal properties and geomechanical modeling of CO2 injection. This is because thermally induced stress changes resulting from the injection of relatively cold CO2 can lead to the creation of leakage paths (e.g., formation fracturing or reactivation of existing discontinuities). The study area of this research is the proposed CO2 injection location of Project Pioneer (TransAlta) in Alberta. The caprock and storage reservoir in the study area are the Calmar and Nisku Formations, respectively. An experimental setup was developed to measure the permeability of intact and fractured caprock samples exposed to CO2-rich brine under representative temperature and pressure conditions of the injection site. The objective of determining the permeability of fractured caprock samples exposed to CO2-rich brine was to examine how caprock seal effectiveness may evolve over time in the presence of fractures which either preexisted or are generated during CO2 injection. The outcomes were used to assess the collective effects of chemical and physical processes that could lead to caprock leakage. Geomechanical modeling was conducted in this work to investigate injection-induced stress changes and to see whether their effects (deformation) within the storage reservoir are observed on the ground surface. The models incorporate the thermal, geomechanical and geometrical parameters of the saline reservoir and surrounding rocks. The permeability of intact samples of the Calmar Formation (primary seal/caprock) were measured as 0.3 nd (0.3·10-21 m2), and measured permeability of fractured caprock samples ranged between 10 to 40 µd (10·10-18 to 40·10-18 m2). The intact rock permeability is very low, hence, the rate of leakage would be very low (7.4·10-7 m3s-1). Potential leakage rates could be up to four orders of magnitude higher if the caprock is fractured from base to top. The geomechanical deformation model predicted that CO2 injection in the Nisku zone is not likely to cause any significant surface heave (< 2 mm), and it likely too small to be measured effectively using standard surface deformation monitoring techniques. Numerical modeling conducted by a research collaborator using results generated in this research suggests that thermally induced fracturing may occur at the study site if the injection rate is not carefully chosen

ERROR IDENTIFICATION IN RAM USING INPUT VECTOR MONITORING CONCURRENT BIST ARCHITECTURE

Abstract— Input vector monitoring concurrent built-in self test (BIST) schemes perform testing during the normal operation of the Random Access Memory without imposing a need to set the RAM offline to perform the test. These schemes are evaluated based on the hardware overhead and the concurrent test latency (CTL), i.e., the time required for the test to complete, whereas the circuit operates normally. In this brief, we present a novel input vector monitoring concurrent BIST scheme, which is based on the idea of monitoring a set (called window) of vectors reaching the circuit inputs during normal operation, and the use of a static-RAM-like structure to store the relative locations of the vectors that reach the circuit inputs in the examined window; the proposed scheme is shown to perform significantly better than previously proposed schemes with respect to the hardware overhead and CTL tradeoff.

Project OASIS: The Design of a Signal Detector for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

An 8 million channel spectrum analyzer (MCSA) was designed the meet to meet the needs of a SETI program. The MCSA puts out a very large data base at very high rates. The development of a device which follows the MCSA, is presented

An Efficient Implementation of Built in Self Diagnosis for Low Power Test Pattern Generator

A New architecture of Built-In Self-Diagnosis is presented in this project. The logic Built-In-Self-Test architecture method is extreme response compaction architecture. This architecture first time enables an autonomous on-chip evaluation of test responses with negligible hardware overhead. Architecture advantage is all data, which is relevant for a subsequent diagnosis, is gathered during just one test session. Due to some reasons, the existing method Built-In Self-Test is less often applied to random logic than to embedded memories.  The generation of deterministic test patterns can become prohibitively high due to hardware overhead. The diagnostic resolution of compacted test responses is in many cases poor and the overhead required for an acceptable resolution may become too high.  Modifications in Linear Feedback Shift Register to generate test pattern with security for modified Built-In-Self-Test applications with reduced power requirement. The modified Built-In-Self-Test circuit incorporates a fault syndrome compression scheme and improves the circuit speed with reduction of time

Fifty years of the CERN Proton Synchrotron : Volume 2

This report sums up in two volumes the first 50 years of operation of the CERN Proton Synchrotron. After an introduction on the genesis of the machine, and a description of its magnet and powering systems, the first volume focuses on some of the many innovations in accelerator physics and instrumentation that it has pioneered, such as transition crossing, RF gymnastics, extractions, phase space tomography, or transverse emittance measurement by wire scanners. The second volume describes the other machines in the PS complex: the proton linear accelerators, the PS Booster, the LEP pre-injector, the heavy-ion linac and accumulator, and the antiproton rings.Comment: 58 pages, published as CERN Yellow Report https://cds.cern.ch/record/1597087?ln=e

Implementation of a real-time industrial web scanning system hardware architecture

None provided

Preliminary realization of an electric-powered hydraulic pump system for a waste compactor truck and a techno-economic analysis

Most industrial trucks are equipped with hydraulic systems designed for specic operations, for which the required power is supplied by the internal combustion engine (ICE). The largest share of the power consumption is required by the hydraulic system during idling operations, and, consequently, the current literature focuses on energy saving strategies for the hydraulic system rather than making the vehicle traction more efficient. This study presents the preliminary realization of an electric-powered hydraulic pump system (e-HPS) that drives the lifting of the dumpster and the garbage compaction in a waste compactor truck, rather than traditional ICE-driven hydraulic pump systems (ICE-HPSs). The different components of the e-HPS are described and the battery pack was modelled using the kinetic battery model. The end-of-life of the battery pack was determined to assess the economic feasibility of the proposed e-HPS for the truck lifespan, using numerical simulations. The aim was twofold: To provide an implementation method to retrofit the e-HPS to a conventional waste compactor truck and to assess its economic feasibility, investigating fuel savings during the use phase and the consequent reduction of CO2 emissions. Results show that the total lifespan cost saving achieved a value of 65,000. Furthermore, total CO2 emissions for the e-HPS were about 80% lower than those of the ICE-HPS, highlighting that the e-HPS can provide significant environmental benefits in an urban context