A survey of the forms of Java reference names

The readability of identifiers is a major factor of program comprehension and an aim of naming convention guidelines. Due to their semantic content, identifiers are also used in feature and bug location, among other software maintenance tasks. Looking at how names are used in practice may lead to insights on potential problems for comprehension and for programming support tools that process identifiers. Class and method names are already well represented in the literature. This paper presents an investigation of Java field, formal argument and local variable names, which we collectively call reference names. These names cannot be ignored because they constitute over half the unique names and almost 70 of the name declarations in the corpus investigated. We analysed the forms of 3.5 million reference name declarations in 60 well known Java projects, examining the phrasal structure of names composed of known words and acronyms. The structures found in practice were evaluated against those given in the literature. The use of unknown abbreviations and words, which may pose a problem for program comprehension, was also identified. Based on our observations of the rich diversity of reference names, we suggest issues to be taken into account for future academic research and for improving tools that rely on names as sources of information

Web-based Tools -— NED VO Services

The NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) is a thematic, web-based research facility in widespread use by scientists, educators, space missions, and observatory operations for observation planning, data analysis, discovery, and publication of research about objects beyond our Milky Way galaxy. NED is a portal into a systematic fusion of data from hundreds of sky surveys and tens of thousands of research publications. The contents and services span the entire electromagnetic spectrum from gamma rays through radio frequencies, and are continuously updated to reflect the current literature and releases of large-scale sky survey catalogs. NED has been on the Internet since 1990, growing in content, automation and services with the evolution of information technology. NED is the world‛s largest database of crossidentified extragalactic objects. As of December 2006, the system contains approximately 10 million objects and 15 million multi-wavelength cross-IDs. Over 4 thousand catalogs and published lists covering the entire electromagnetic spectrum have had their objects cross-identified or associated, with fundamental data parameters federated for convenient queries and retrieval. This chapter describes the interoperability of NED services with other components of the Virtual Observatory (VO). Section 1 is a brief overview of the primary NED web services. Section 2 provides a tutorial for using NED services currently available through the NVO Registry. The “name resolver” provides VO portals and related internet services with celestial coordinates for objects specified by catalog identifier (name); any alias can be queried because this service is based on the source cross-IDs established by NED. All major services have been updated to provide output in VOTable (XML) format that can be accessed directly from the NED web interface or using the NVO registry. These include access to images via SIAP, Cone- Search queries, and services providing fundamental, multi-wavelength extragalactic data such as positions, redshifts, photometry and spectral energy distributions (SEDs), and sizes (all with references and uncertainties when available). Section 3 summarizes the advantages of accessing the NED “name resolver” and other NED services via the web to replace the legacy “server mode” custom data structure previously available through a function library provided only in the C programming language. Section 4 illustrates visualization via VOPlot of an SED and the spatial distribution of sources from a NED All-Sky (By Parameters) query. Section 5 describes the new NED Spectral Archive, illustrating how VOTables are being used to standardize the data and metadata as well as the physical units of spectra made available by authors of journal articles and producers of major survey archives; quick-look spectral analysis through convenient interoperability with the SpecView (STScI) Java applet is also shown. Section 6 closes with a summary of the capabilities described herein, which greatly simplify interoperability of NED with other components of the VO, enabling new opportunities for discovery, visualization, and analysis of multiwavelength data

Leveraging simulation practice in industry through use of desktop grid middleware

This chapter focuses on the collaborative use of computing resources to support decision making in industry. Through the use of middleware for desktop grid computing, the idle CPU cycles available on existing computing resources can be harvested and used for speeding-up the execution of applications that have “non-trivial” processing requirements. This chapter focuses on the desktop grid middleware BOINC and Condor, and discusses the integration of commercial simulation software together with free-to-download grid middleware so as to offer competitive advantage to organizations that opt for this technology. It is expected that the low-intervention integration approach presented in this chapter (meaning no changes to source code required) will appeal to both simulation practitioners (as simulations can be executed faster, which in turn would mean that more replications and optimization is possible in the same amount of time) and the management (as it can potentially increase the return on investment on existing resources)

PERSON DEIXIS IN SUNDANESSE JOKES (THE ANALYSIS OF CANGEHGAR IN “BASA CINA” AND “ASAL-USUL” EPISODES)

Deixis adalah istilah teknis yang sering digunakan dalam ujaran yang memiliki makna menunjuk sesuatu dengan bahasa ( Yule, 1996). Penggunaan deictic expression selalu ada pada berbagai bahasa, begitu pula dengan keberadaanya pada Basa Sunda. Deictic expression, yang sering kali disebut indexicals terdiri dari person diexis, spatial deixis dan temporal deixis. Teori yang dikemukakan oleh Lyons (1968) ini meskipun tampak sederhana namun memiliki tingkat kesulitan tertentu dalam penggunaannya. Studi ini menitikberatkan pada keberadaan person diexis pada bodoran Sunda yang menjadi amat menarik karena adanya undak usuk basa (language stratification) dalam Basa Sunda yang penggunaannya dipengaruhi berbagai faktor. Studi ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dalam bentuk studi deskriptif untuk menganalisa data. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam bentuk text verbal, yaitu rekaman bodoran sunda yang disiarkan oleh salah satu stasiun radio swasta di Bandung. Dua episode diambil sebagai data yang kemudian dianalisa karena dalam dua rekaman tersebut pembicara menggunakan beragam person diexis yang biasa digunakan dalam basa sunda yang menunjukan undak usuk basa (language stratification) pemakainya dikaitkan dengan latar belakang sosial. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan person diexis pada percakapan yang menggunakan Basa Sunda khususnya bodoran Sunda dipengaruhi oleh dimensi sosial yang ada dalam masyarakat; kedekatan antar pembicara, dan tingkat formalitas saat percakapan terjadi

OntoBrowse: A World of Knowledge

This paper describes the creation and function of OntoBrowse, a domain-independent ontology browser system that was developed to provide generic access to any triplestore ontology without the need to create a bespoke interface. It features support for accessing multiple triplestores in one query session, bookmarks, Rendezvous sharing of bookmarks, multiple tabs, multiple windows, namespace caching and automatic generation of RDQL queries. OntoBrowse automatically loads images when referenced by URI and has a fully customisable user interface. In addition, the CIA World Factbook was asserted into a triplestore in order to gain a conceptual understanding of knowledge systems and for use as a controllable testing ground for the ontology browser

Antidote application: an educational system for treatment of common toxin overdose

Poisonings account for almost 1% of emergency room visits each year. Time is a critical factor in dealing with a toxicologic emergency. Delay in dispensing the first antidote dose can lead to life-threatening sequelae. Current toxicological resources that support treatment decisions are broad in scope, time-consuming to read, or at times unavailable. Our review of current toxicological resources revealed a gap in their ability to provide expedient calculations and recommendations about appropriate course of treatment. To bridge the gap, we developed the Antidote Application (AA), a computational system that automatically provides patient-specific antidote treatment recommendations and individualized dose calculations. We implemented 27 algorithms that describe FDA (the US Food and Drug Administration) approved use and evidence-based practices found in primary literature for the treatment of common toxin exposure. The AA covers 29 antidotes recommended by Poison Control and toxicology experts, 19 poison classes and 31 poisons, which represent over 200 toxic entities. To the best of our knowledge, the AA is the first educational decision support system in toxicology that provides patient-specific treatment recommendations and drug dose calculations. The AA is publicly available at http://projects.met- hilab.org/antidote/

A Neural Model for Generating Natural Language Summaries of Program Subroutines

Source code summarization -- creating natural language descriptions of source code behavior -- is a rapidly-growing research topic with applications to automatic documentation generation, program comprehension, and software maintenance. Traditional techniques relied on heuristics and templates built manually by human experts. Recently, data-driven approaches based on neural machine translation have largely overtaken template-based systems. But nearly all of these techniques rely almost entirely on programs having good internal documentation; without clear identifier names, the models fail to create good summaries. In this paper, we present a neural model that combines words from code with code structure from an AST. Unlike previous approaches, our model processes each data source as a separate input, which allows the model to learn code structure independent of the text in code. This process helps our approach provide coherent summaries in many cases even when zero internal documentation is provided. We evaluate our technique with a dataset we created from 2.1m Java methods. We find improvement over two baseline techniques from SE literature and one from NLP literature