A novel semi-fragile forensic watermarking scheme for remote sensing images

Peer-reviewedA semi-fragile watermarking scheme for multiple band images is presented. We propose to embed a mark into remote sensing images applying a tree structured vector quantization approach to the pixel signatures, instead of processing each band separately. The signature of themmultispectral or hyperspectral image is used to embed the mark in it order to detect any significant modification of the original image. The image is segmented into threedimensional blocks and a tree structured vector quantizer is built for each block. These trees are manipulated using an iterative algorithm until the resulting block satisfies a required criterion which establishes the embedded mark. The method is shown to be able to preserve the mark under lossy compression (above a given threshold) but, at the same time, it detects possibly forged blocks and their position in the whole image.Se presenta un esquema de marcas de agua semi-frágiles para múltiples imágenes de banda. Proponemos incorporar una marca en imágenes de detección remota, aplicando un enfoque de cuantización del vector de árbol estructurado con las definiciones de píxel, en lugar de procesar cada banda por separado. La firma de la imagen hiperespectral se utiliza para insertar la marca en el mismo orden para detectar cualquier modificación significativa de la imagen original. La imagen es segmentada en bloques tridimensionales y un cuantificador de vector de estructura de árbol se construye para cada bloque. Estos árboles son manipulados utilizando un algoritmo iteractivo hasta que el bloque resultante satisface un criterio necesario que establece la marca incrustada. El método se muestra para poder preservar la marca bajo compresión con pérdida (por encima de un umbral establecido) pero, al mismo tiempo, detecta posiblemente bloques forjados y su posición en la imagen entera.Es presenta un esquema de marques d'aigua semi-fràgils per a múltiples imatges de banda. Proposem incorporar una marca en imatges de detecció remota, aplicant un enfocament de quantització del vector d'arbre estructurat amb les definicions de píxel, en lloc de processar cada banda per separat. La signatura de la imatge hiperespectral s'utilitza per inserir la marca en el mateix ordre per detectar qualsevol modificació significativa de la imatge original. La imatge és segmentada en blocs tridimensionals i un quantificador de vector d'estructura d'arbre es construeix per a cada bloc. Aquests arbres són manipulats utilitzant un algoritme iteractiu fins que el bloc resultant satisfà un criteri necessari que estableix la marca incrustada. El mètode es mostra per poder preservar la marca sota compressió amb pèrdua (per sobre d'un llindar establert) però, al mateix temps, detecta possiblement blocs forjats i la seva posició en la imatge sencera

Manipulation Detection in Satellite Images Using Deep Belief Networks

Satellite images are more accessible with the increase of commercial satellites being orbited. These images are used in a wide range of applications including agricultural management, meteorological prediction, damage assessment from natural disasters, and cartography. Image manipulation tools including both manual editing tools and automated techniques can be easily used to tamper and modify satellite imagery. One type of manipulation that we examine in this paper is the splice attack where a region from one image (or the same image) is inserted (spliced) into an image. In this paper, we present a one-class detection method based on deep belief networks (DBN) for splicing detection and localization without using any prior knowledge of the manipulations. We evaluate the performance of our approach and show that it provides good detection and localization accuracies in small forgeries compared to other approaches

Manipulation and generation of synthetic satellite images using deep learning models

Generation and manipulation of digital images based on deep learning (DL) are receiving increasing attention for both benign and malevolent uses. As the importance of satellite imagery is increasing, DL has started being used also for the generation of synthetic satellite images. However, the direct use of techniques developed for computer vision applications is not possible, due to the different nature of satellite images. The goal of our work is to describe a number of methods to generate manipulated and synthetic satellite images. To be specific, we focus on two different types of manipulations: full image modification and local splicing. In the former case, we rely on generative adversarial networks commonly used for style transfer applications, adapting them to implement two different kinds of transfer: (i) land cover transfer, aiming at modifying the image content from vegetation to barren and vice versa and (ii) season transfer, aiming at modifying the image content from winter to summer and vice versa. With regard to local splicing, we present two different architectures. The first one uses image generative pretrained transformer and is trained on pixel sequences in order to predict pixels in semantically consistent regions identified using watershed segmentation. The second technique uses a vision transformer operating on image patches rather than on a pixel by pixel basis. We use the trained vision transformer to generate synthetic image segments and splice them into a selected region of the to-be-manipulated image. All the proposed methods generate highly realistic, synthetic, and satellite images. Among the possible applications of the proposed techniques, we mention the generation of proper datasets for the evaluation and training of tools for the analysis of satellite images. (c) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI

Esquemas de watermarking semifrágil para la protección de imágenes de obtención remota

La flexibilidad de la transmisión de la información y los reducidos precios de los dispositivos digitales hacen posible que la gran mayoría de personas tengan acceso a reproducir, editar e intercambiar todo tipo de contenidos multimedia. La Red permite que los contenidos se puedan transmitir sin ningún problema y la redistribución se realiza sin pérdida de calidad alguna. La facilidad con la que se puede modificar un contenido y la distribución sin permiso de este han contribuido a que la protección del contenido y la prevención de las manipulaciones se hayan convertido en una importante área de investigación. Esto hace que las técnicas de protección de contenidos digitales y, entre ellas, las técnicas de watermarking sean de gran importancia para proteger los derechos de autor o para autenticar el contenido.The flexibility of content transmission and the low prices of digital players make it possible for that vast majority of people to play, edit and exchange all kinds of multimedia contents. The Internet allows that all these contents are transmitted without effort and redistribution can be performed without any kind of quality loss. The easiness to modify contents and the unauthorised distribution of them have contributed to the development of content protection and tampering prevention as relevant research topics. Because of this, digital content protection techniques and, among them, watermarking systems have become suitable strategies for copyright protection and content authentication.La flexibilitat de la transmissió de la informació i els preus reduïts dels dispositius digitals fan possible que la gran majoria de persones tinguin accés a reproduir, editar i intercanviar tot tipus de continguts multimèdia. La Xarxa permet que els continguts es puguin transmetre sense cap problema i la redistribució es realitza sense cap pèrdua de qualitat. La facilitat amb què es pot modificar un contingut i la distribució sense permís d'aquest han contribuït a fer que la protecció del contingut i la prevenció de les manipulacions s'hagin convertit en una important àrea de recerca. Això fa que les tècniques de protecció de continguts digitals i, entre elles, les tècniques de watermarking siguin de gran importància per protegir els drets d’autor o per autenticar el contingut.Societat de la informació i el coneixemen

Applications of MATLAB in Science and Engineering

The book consists of 24 chapters illustrating a wide range of areas where MATLAB tools are applied. These areas include mathematics, physics, chemistry and chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, biological (molecular biology) and medical sciences, communication and control systems, digital signal, image and video processing, system modeling and simulation. Many interesting problems have been included throughout the book, and its contents will be beneficial for students and professionals in wide areas of interest

A semi-fragile pinned sine transform watermarking system for content authentication of satellite images

A novel semi-fragile watermarking scheme for the content authentication of satellite images using the pinned sine transform (PST) is presented in this paper. In the PST domain, the image field is first decomposed into two mutually orthogonal sub-fields, namely, the boundary field and the pinned field. The watermark is embedded into the pinned field of PST, which contains the texture information of the original image. This important property of the pinned field provides the scheme with special sensitivity to any texture alteration to the watermarked image. It is desirable to the authentication of satellite images, to which the texture characters are crucial for semantic understanding. The watermarking system can localize the portions of a watermarked image that have been tampered maliciously with high accuracy as well as approximately recover it, while maintaining a high degree of image integrity. The interblock relationship introduced in the process of PST renders the watermarking scheme resistant to content cutting-and-pasting attacks. The watermark can still survive slight non-malicious manipulations, which is desirable in many practical applications in satellite remote sensing. Simulation results demonstrated that the probability of tamper detection of this authentication scheme is higher than 98%. </p

A Semi-Fragile Pinned Sine Transform Watermarking System For Content Authentication of Satellite Images

A novel semi-fragile watermarking scheme for the content authentication of satellite images using the pinned sine transform (PST) is presented in this paper. In the PST domain, the image field is first decomposed into two mutually orthogonal sub-fields, namely, the boundary field and the pinned field. The watermark is embedded into the pinned field of PST, which contains the texture information of the original image. This important property of the pinned field provides the scheme with special sensitivity to any texture alteration to the watermarked image. It is desirable to the authentication of satellite images, to which the texture characters are crucial for semantic understanding. The watermarking system can localize the portions of a watermarked image that have been tampered maliciously with high accuracy as well as approximately recover it, while maintaining a high degree of image integrity. The interblock relationship introduced in the process of PST renders the watermarking scheme resistant to content cutting-and-pasting attacks. The watermark can still survive slight non-malicious manipulations, which is desirable in many practical applications in satellite remote sensing. Simulation results demonstrated that the probability of tamper detection of this authentication scheme is higher than 98%

A semi-fragile pinned sine transform watermarking system for content authentication of satellite images

Abstract-A novel semi-fragile watermarking scheme for the content authentication of satellite images using the pinned sine transform (PST) is presented in this paper. In the PST domain, the image field is first decomposed into two mutually orthogonal sub-fields, namely, the boundary field and the pinned field. The watermark is embedded into the pinned field of PST, which contains the texture information of the original image. This important property of the pinned field provides the scheme with special sensitivity to any texture alteration to the watermarked image. It is desirable to the authentication of satellite images, to which the texture characters are crucial for semantic understanding. The watermarking system can localize the portions of a watermarked image that have been tampered maliciously with high accuracy as well as approximately recover it, while maintaining a high degree of image integrity. The interblock relationship introduced in the process of PST renders the watermarking scheme resistant to content cutting-and-pasting attacks. The watermark can still survive slight non-malicious manipulations, which is desirable in many practical applications in satellite remote sensing. Simulation results demonstrated that the probability of tamper detection of this authentication scheme is higher than 98%