Towards Reliable Multi-Path Routing : An Integrated Cooperation Model for Drones

Ad-hoc networks have evolved into a vital wireless communication component by offering an adaptable infrastructure suitable for various scenarios in our increasingly interconnected and mobile world. However, this adaptability also exposes these networks to security challenges, given their dynamic nature, where nodes frequently join and leave. This dynamism is advantageous but presents resource constraints and vulnerability to malicious nodes, impacting data transmission reliability and security. In this context, this article explores the development of a secure routing protocol for Ad-hoc networks based on a cooperation reinforcement model to reduce the degradation of routing performance. We leverage the reputation of nodes as an additional security layer to monitor their behavior and evaluate their level of reliability. To exemplify our solution, we focus on drone fleets (UAVs) as a pertinent case study. Drones frequently operate in dynamic, challenging environments, relying on Ad-hoc networks for communication. They serve as an apt illustration, highlighting the complexities of the issue and the efficacy of our proposed remedy. The simulation results show the effectiveness of our proposed solution compared to stae-of-the-artsolutions

Routing schemes in FANETs: a survey

Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is a self-organizing wireless network that enables inexpensive, flexible, and easy-to-deploy flying nodes, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), to communicate among themselves in the absence of fixed network infrastructure. FANET is one of the emerging networks that has an extensive range of next-generation applications. Hence, FANET plays a significant role in achieving application-based goals. Routing enables the flying nodes to collaborate and coordinate among themselves and to establish routes to radio access infrastructure, particularly FANET base station (BS). With a longer route lifetime, the effects of link disconnections and network partitions reduce. Routing must cater to two main characteristics of FANETs that reduce the route lifetime. Firstly, the collaboration nature requires the flying nodes to exchange messages and to coordinate among themselves, causing high energy consumption. Secondly, the mobility pattern of the flying nodes is highly dynamic in a three-dimensional space and they may be spaced far apart, causing link disconnection. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of the limited research work of routing schemes in FANETs. Different aspects, including objectives, challenges, routing metrics, characteristics, and performance measures, are covered. Furthermore, we present open issues

Surveying Position Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor and Ad-hoc Networks

A focus of the scientific community is to design network oriented position-based routing protocols and this has resulted in a very high number of algorithms, different in approach and performance and each suited only to particular applications. However, though numerous, very few position-based algorithms have actually been adopted for commercial purposes. This article is a survey of almost 50 position-based routing protocols and it comes as an aid in the implementation of this type of routing in various applications which may need to consider the advantages and pitfalls of position-based routing. An emphasis is made on geographic routing, whose notion is clarified as a more restrictive and more efficient type of position-based routing. The protocols are therefore divided into geographic and non-geographic routing protocols and each is characterized according to a number of network design issues and presented in a comparative manner from multiple points of view. The main requirements of current general applications are also studied and, depending on these, the survey proposes a number of protocols for use in particular application areas. This aims to help both researchers and potential users assess and choose the protocol best suited to their interest

AN APU BASED UPDATION SCHEME WITH ADDED SECURITY MEASURES

Routing with the use of location information has become one of the most suitable routing strategies in wireless mobile ad hoc network mainly due to its scalability.  Position information of the nodes is primary requirement in geographic routing.  Nodes for forwarding are selected among neighbors based on their location. Each node in the network should be aware of its neighbor’s location in order to maintain the accuracy of local topology. Hence updation of location information through beacon is necessary. Existing mechanisms invokes periodic beacon update scheme which in turn consumes the network resources specifically when the network traffic is high it leads to packet loss and at times causes retransmission of data packet  .In this work, adaptive position update is proposed which dynamically adjusts the beacon updation frequency according to the varying network conditions. APU is based on two simple principles nodes which moves with greater speed and nodes closer to forwarding paths update their positions more frequently (and vice versa)

Multiple-Objective Packet Routing Optimization for Aeronautical ad-hoc Networks

Providing Internet service above the clouds is of ever-increasing interest and in this context aeronautical ad-hoc networking (AANET) constitutes a promising solution. However, the optimization of packet routing in large ad hoc networks is quite challenging. In this paper, we develop a discrete ε multiobjective genetic algorithm (ε-DMOGA) for jointly optimizing the end-to-end latency, the end-to-end spectral efficiency (SE), and the path expiration time (PET) that specifies how long the routing path can be relied on without re-optimizing the path. More specifically, a distance-based adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) scheme specifically designed for aeronautical communications is exploited for quantifying each link’s achievable SE. Furthermore, the queueing delay at each node is also incorporated into the multiple-objective optimization metric. Our ε-DMOGA assisted multiple-objective routing optimization is validated by real historical flight data collected over the Australian airspace on two selected representative dates

Performance Analysis of Transactional Traffic in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Mobile Ad Hoc networks (MANETs) present unique challenge to new protocol design, especially in scenarios where nodes are highly mobile. Routing protocols performance is essential to the performance of wireless networks especially in mobile ad-hoc scenarios. The development of new routing protocols requires com- paring them against well-known protocols in various simulation environments. The protocols should be analysed under realistic conditions including, but not limited to, representative data transmission models, limited buffer space for data transmission, sensible simulation area and transmission range combination, and realistic moving patterns of the mobiles nodes. Furthermore, application traffic like transactional application traffic has not been investigated for domain-specific MANETs scenarios. Overall, there are not enough performance comparison work in the past literatures. This thesis presents extensive performance comparison among MANETs comparing transactional traffic including both highly-dynamic environment as well as low-mobility cases

A critical analysis of mobility management related issues of wireless sensor networks in cyber physical systems

Mobility management has been a long-standing issue in mobile wireless sensor networks and especially in the context of cyber physical systems its implications are immense. This paper presents a critical analysis of the current approaches to mobility management by evaluating them against a set of criteria which are essentially inherent characteristics of such systems on which these approaches are expected to provide acceptable performance. We summarize these characteristics by using a quadruple set of metrics. Additionally, using this set we classify the various approaches to mobility management that are discussed in this paper. Finally, the paper concludes by reviewing the main findings and providing suggestions that will be helpful to guide future research efforts in the area. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 5 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Imran” is provided in this record*