A non-uniform predictor-observer for a networked control system

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12555-011-0621-5This paper presents a Non-Uniform Predictor-Observer (NUPO) based control approach in order to deal with two of the main problems related to Networked Control Systems (NCS) or Sensor Networks (SN): time-varying delays and packet loss. In addition, if these delays are longer than the sampling period, the packet disordering phenomenon can appear. Due to these issues, a (scarce) nonuniform, delayed measurement signal could be received by the controller. But including the NUPO proposal in the control system, the delay will be compensated by the prediction stage, and the nonavailable data will be reconstructed by the observer stage. So, a delay-free, uniformly sampled controller design can be adopted. To ensure stability, the predictor must satisfy a feasibility problem based on a time-varying delay-dependent condition expressed in terms of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI). Some aspects like the relation between network delay and robustness/performance trade-off are empirically studied. A simulation example shows the benefits (robustness and control performance improvement) of the NUPO approach by comparison to another similar proposal. © ICROS, KIEE and Springer 2011.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia Projects DPI2008-06737-C02-01 and DPI2009-14744-C03-03, by Generalitat Valenciana Project GV/2010/018, by Universidad Politecnica de Valencia Project PAID06-08.Cuenca Lacruz, ÁM.; García Gil, PJ.; Albertos Pérez, P.; Salt Llobregat, JJ. (2011). A non-uniform predictor-observer for a networked control system. International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems. 9(6):1194-1202. doi:10.1007/s12555-011-0621-5S1194120296K. Ogata, Discrete-time Control Systems, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 1987.Y. Tipsuwan and M. Chow, “Control methodologies in networked control systems,” Control Eng. 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Event-triggered predictor-based control with gain-Scheduling and extended state observer for networked control systems

This paper investigates the stabilization of Networked Control Systems (NCS) with mismatched disturbances through a novel Event-Triggered Control (ETC), composed of a predictor-feedback scheme and a gain-scheduled Extended State Observer (ESO). The key idea of the proposed control strategy is threefold: (i) to reduce resource usage in the NCS (bandwidth, energy) while maintaining a satisfactory control performance; (ii) to counteract the main negative effects of NCS: time-varying delays, packet dropouts, packet disorder, and (iii) to reject the steady-state error in the controlled output due to mismatched disturbances. Moreover, we address the co-design of the controller/observer gains, together with the event-triggered parameters, by means of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI) and Cone Complementarity Linearization (CCL) approaches. Finally, we illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control synthesis by simulation and experimental results in a Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based test-bed platform

Non-uniform Multi-rate Estimator based Periodic Event-Triggered Control for resource saving

[EN] This paper proposes a systematic non-uniform multi-rate estimation and control framework for a periodic event-triggered system which is subject to external disturbance and sensor noise. When the disturbance dynamic model is available, and in order to efficiently estimate the state variable and disturbance from non-uniform slow-rate measurements, a time-varying Kalman filter is designed. When the disturbance dynamic model is not available, a disturbance observer is proposed as an alternative approach. Both the Kalman filter and the disturbance observer are proposed in a non-uniform multi-rate format. Such disturbance estimation enables faster controller updating in spite of slower measurement. Interlacing techniques are used in the control system to uniformly distribute the computational load at each fast sampling instance. Compared to the conventional time-triggered sampling paradigm, the control solution is able to reduce the resource utilization, while maintaining a satisfactory control performance. The proposed control solution will reduce the number of transmissions among devices, which enhances the energy and computational efficiency. Simulation results are provided to validate the effectiveness and benefits of the proposed control algorithms. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.This research work has been developed as a result of a mobility stay funded by the Fulbright Visiting Scholar Program of the Fulbright Commission and the Spanish Ministry of Education under Programa Estatal de Promoción del Talento y su Empleabilidad en I+D+i, Subprograma Estatal de Movilidad, del Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013 2016 . In addition, the work is funded by European Commission as part of Project H2020-SEC-2016-2017 - Topic: SEC-20-BES-2016 - Id: 740736 - C2 Advanced Multi-domain Environment and Live Observation Technologies (CAMELOT). Part WP5 supported by Tekever ASDS, Thales Research and Technology, Viasat Antenna Systems, Universitat Politècnica de València, Fundação da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Ministério da Defensa Nacional - Marinha Portuguesa, Ministério da Administração Interna Guarda Nacional Republicana.Cuenca, Á.; Zheng, M.; Tomizuka, M.; Sanchez, S. (2018). Non-uniform Multi-rate Estimator based Periodic Event-Triggered Control for resource saving. Information Sciences. 459:86-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INS.2018.05.038S8610245

Robust stability analysis of an energy-efficient control in a Networked Control System with application to Unmanned Ground Vehicles

[EN] In this paper, the robust stability and disturbance rejection performance analysis of an energy-efficient control is addressed in the framework of Networked Control System (NCS). The control scheme under study integrates periodic event-triggered control, packet-based control, time-varying Kalman filter, dual-rate control and prediction techniques, whose design is aimed at reducing energy consumption and bandwidth usage. The robust stability against time-varying model uncertainties is analyzed by means of a sufficient condition based on Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI). Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is experimentally validated in a tracking control for an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV), which is a battery-constrained mobile device with limited computation capacities.This research was funded in part by grant by projects PGC2018-098719-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) , and RTI2018-096590-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) , and by European Commission as part of Project H2020-SEC-2016-2017-Topic: SEC-20-BES-2016-Id: 740736-"C2 Advanced Multi-domain Environment and Live Observation Technologies" (CAMELOT) . Part WP5 supported by Tekever ASDS, Thales Research and Technology, Viasat Antenna Systems, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, FundacAo da Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Ministerio da Defensa Nacional-Marinha Por-tuguesa, Ministerio da AdministracAo Interna Guarda Nacional Republicana.González Sorribes, A.; Cuenca, Á.; Salt Llobregat, JJ.; Jacobs, J. (2021). Robust stability analysis of an energy-efficient control in a Networked Control System with application to Unmanned Ground Vehicles. Information Sciences. 578:64-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2021.07.016648457

Reduction of discrete-time two-channel delayed systems

In this letter, the reduction method is extended to time-delay systems affected by two mismatched input delays. To this end, the intrinsic feedback structure of the retarded dynamics is exploited to deduce a reduced dynamics which is free of delays. Moreover, among other possibilities, an Immersion and Invariance feedback over the reduced dynamics is designed for achieving stabilization of the original systems. A chained sampled-data dynamics is used to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy through simulations

Delay-independent dual-rate PID controller for a packet-based networked control system

[EN] In this paper, a novel delay-independent control structure for a networked control system (NCS) is proposed, where packet-based control strategies with predictor-based and dual-rate control techniques are integrated. The control solution is able to cope with some networked communication problems such as time-varying delays, packet dropouts and packet disorder. In addition, the proposed approach enables to reduce network load, and usage of connected devices, while maintaining a satisfactory control performance. As a delay-independent control solution, no network-induced delay measurement is needed for controller implementation. In addition, the control scheme is applicable to open-loop unstable plants. Control system stability is ensured in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Simulation results show the main benefits of the control approach, which are experimentally validated by means of a Cartesian-robot-based test-bed platform. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.This work is funded by European Commission as part of Project H2020-SEC-2016-2017, Topic: SEC-20-BES-2016 Id: 740736 C2 Advanced Multi-domain Environment and Live Observation Technologies (CAMELOT). Part WP5 supported by Tekever ASDS, Thales Research & Technology, Viasat Antenna Systems, Universitat Politècnica de València, Fundação da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Ministério da Defesa Nacional Marinha Portuguesa, Ministério da Administração Interna Guarda Nacional Republicana.Alcaina-Acosta, JJ.; Cuenca, Á.; Salt Llobregat, JJ.; Casanova Calvo, V.; Pizá, R. (2019). Delay-independent dual-rate PID controller for a packet-based networked control system. Information Sciences. 484:27-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2019.01.059S274348

Design and implementation of event-based multi-rate controllers for networked control systems

Tesis por compendio[ES] Con esta tesis se pretende dar solución a algunos de los problemas más habituales que aparecen en los Sistemas de control basados en red (NCS) como son los retardos variables en el tiempo, las pérdidas y el desorden de paquetes, y la restricción de ancho de banda y de recursos computacionales y energéticos de los dispositivos que forman parte del sistema de control. Para ello se ha planteado la integración de técnicas de control multifrecuencial, de control basado en paquetes, de control basado en predictor y de control basado en eventos. Los diseños de control realizados se han simulado utilizando Matlab-Simulink y Truetime, se ha analizado su estabilidad mediante LMIs y QFT, y se han validado experimentalmente en un péndulo invertido, un robot cartesiano 3D y en robots móviles de bajo coste. El artículo 1 aborda el control basado en eventos, el cual minimiza el ancho de banda consumido en el NCS mediante un control basado en eventos periódicos y presenta un método para obtener sus parámetros óptimos para el sistema específico en que se utilice. Los artículos 2, 4 y 6 añaden el control basado en paquetes, así como el control multifrecuencia, que aborda problemas de falta de datos por bajo uso del sensor y los retardos, pérdidas y desórdenes de paquetes en la red. También afrontan, mediante tecnicas de predicción basadas en un filtro de Kalman multifrecuencia variable en el tiempo, los problemas de ruido y perturbaciones, así como la observación de los estados completos del sistema. El artículo 7 hace frente a un modelo no lineal que utiliza las anteriores soluciones junto con un filtro de Kalman extendido para presentar otro tipo de estructura para un vehículo autónomo que, gracias a la información futura obtenida mediante estas técnicas, puede realizar de forma remota tareas de alto nivel como es la toma de decisiones y la monitorización de variables. Los artículos 3 y 5, presentan una forma de obtener y analizar la respuesta en frecuencia de sistemas SISO multifrecuencia y estudian su comportamiento ante ciertas incertidumbres o problemas en la red haciendo uso de procedimientos QFT.[CA] Amb aquesta tesi es pretén donar solució a alguns dels problemes més habituals que apareixen als Sistemes de Control Basats en xarxa (NCS) com son els retards d'accés i transferència variables en el temps, les pèrdues y desordenament de paquets, i la restricció d'ampli de banda així com de recursos computacionals i energètics dels dispositius que foment part del sistema de control. Per tal de resoldre'ls s'ha plantejat la integració de tècniques de control multifreqüencial, de control basat en paquets, de control basat en predictor i de control basat en events. Els dissenys de control realitzats s'han simulat fent ús de Matlab-Simulink i de TrueTime, s'ha analitzat la seua estabilitat mitjançant LMIs i QFT, i s'han validat experimentalment en un pèndul invertit, un robot cartesià 3D i en robots mòbils de baix cost. L'article 1 aborda el control basat en events, el qual minimitza l'ampli de banda consumit a l'NCS mitjançant un control basat en events periòdics i presenta un mètode per a obtindré els seus paràmetres òptims per al sistema específic en el qual s'utilitza. Els articles 2, 4 i 6 afegeixen el control basat en paquets, així com el control multifreqüència, que aborda problemes de falta de dades per el baix us del sensor i els retards, pèrdues i desordre de paquets en la xarxa. També afronten, mitjançant tècniques de predicció basades en un filtre de Kalman multifreqüència variable en el temps. Els problemes de soroll i pertorbacions, així com la observació dels estats complets del sistema. L'article 7 fa referència a un model no lineal que utilitza les anteriors solucions junt a un filtre de Kalman estès per a presentar altre tipus d'estructura per a un vehicle autònom que, gracies a la informació futura obtinguda mitjançant aquestes tècniques, pot realitzar de manera remota tasques d'alt nivell com son la presa de decisions i la monitorització de variables. Els articles 3 y 5 presenten la manera d'obtindre i analitzar la resposta en frequencia de sistemes SISO multifreqüència i estudien el seu comportament front a certes incerteses o problemes en la xarxa fent us de procediments QFT.[EN] This thesis attempts to solve some of the most frequent issues that appear in Networked Control Systems (NCS), such as time-varying delays, packet losses and packet disorders and the bandwidth limitation. Other frequent problems are scarce computational and energy resources of the local system devices. Thus, it is proposed to integrate multirate control, packet-based control, predictor-based control and event-based control techniques. The control designs have been simulated using Matlab-Simulink and Truetime, the stability has been analysed by LMIs and QFT, and the experimental validation has been done on an inverted pendulum, a 3D cartesian robot and in low-cost mobile robots. Paper 1 addresses event-based control, which minimizes the bandwidth consumed in NCS through a periodic event-triggered control and presents a method to obtain the optimal parameters for the specific system used. Papers 2, 4 and 6 include packet-based control and multirate control, addressing problems such as network delays, packet dropouts and packet disorders, and the scarce data due to low sensor usage in order to save battery in sensing tasks and transmissions of the sensed data. Also addressed, is how despite the existence of measurement noise and disturbances, time-varying dual-rate Kalman filter based prediction techniques observe the complete state of the system. Paper 7 tackles a non-linear model that uses all the previous solutions together with an extended Kalman filter to present another type of structure for an autonomous vehicle that, due to future information obtained through these techniques, can remotely carry out high level tasks, such as decision making and monitoring of variables. Papers 3 and 5, present a method for obtaining and analyzing the SISO dual-rate frequency response and using QFT procedures to study its behavior when faced with specific uncertainties or network problems.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under Grant referenced TEC2012-31506.Alcaina Acosta, JJ. (2020). Design and implementation of event-based multi-rate controllers for networked control systems [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/159884TESISCompendi

Networked control and observation for Master-Slave systems

2009, 350 p. 110 illus., Hardcover. ISBN: 978-0-387-85594-3This chapter concerns the design of a remote control loop constituted by a Slave system (with computing and energy limitations) and a Master computer, communicating via an Internet connection. In such a situation, the communication cost is reduced but the Quality of Service of the Internet connection is not guaranteed. In particular, when the Slave dynamics are expected to be fast enough, the network induces perturbations (delays, jitters, packet dropouts and sampling) that may damage the performance. Here, the proposed solution relies on a delay-dependent, state-feedback control, computed by the Master on the basis of an observer. This last estimates the present Slave's state from its past sampled outputs, despite the various delays. Then, the computing task is concentrated in the Master. The theoretical results are based on the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and the approach of LMI, which guarantee the stabilization performance with respect to the expected maximum delay of the connection. Two strategies are applied: one is a constant controller/observer gain strategy, which takes into account a fixed upperbound for the communication delay. The second strategy aims at improving the performance by adapting the gains to the available network QoS (here, with two possible upperbounds)