Toward a Comparative Sociology of Valuation and Evaluation

This paper discusses North-American and European research from the sociology of valuation and evaluation (SVE), a research topic that has attracted considerable attention in recent years. The goal is to bring various bodies of work into conversation with one another to stimulate more cumulative theory building. This is accomplished by focusing on 1) sub-processes such as categorization and legitimation; 2) the conditions that sustain heterarchies; and 3) valuation and evaluative practices. The paper reviews these literatures and provides directions for a future research agenda.Sociolog

Eliciting Expertise

Since the last edition of this book there have been rapid developments in the use and exploitation of formally elicited knowledge. Previously, (Shadbolt and Burton, 1995) the emphasis was on eliciting knowledge for the purpose of building expert or knowledge-based systems. These systems are computer programs intended to solve real-world problems, achieving the same level of accuracy as human experts. Knowledge engineering is the discipline that has evolved to support the whole process of specifying, developing and deploying knowledge-based systems (Schreiber et al., 2000) This chapter will discuss the problem of knowledge elicitation for knowledge intensive systems in general

Birds of a feather or by note? Ideological nationalization of local electoral manifestos in Belgium

Until now, scholars trying to unravel the phenomenon of nationalization have seldom considered the local policy layer or the ideological dimension as their main subject. This paper, however, studies the ideological nationalization of Flemish local party branches. It applies the method of content analysis of electoral manifestos to the local elections and examines the programmatic overlaps between the party headquarter and its local branches. An innovative nationalization measure is introduced and subsequently included in an explanatory regression model. The results show that ideological similarities are ubiquitous and especially prevailing among leftist parties, in majority-participating party branches and in large municipalities

Systematic Review on Privacy Categorization

In the modern digital world users need to make privacy and security choices that have far-reaching consequences. Researchers are increasingly studying people's decisions when facing with privacy and security trade-offs, the pressing and time consuming disincentives that influence those decisions, and methods to mitigate them. This work aims to present a systematic review of the literature on privacy categorization, which has been defined in terms of profile, profiling, segmentation, clustering and personae. Privacy categorization involves the possibility to classify users according to specific prerequisites, such as their ability to manage privacy issues, or in terms of which type of and how many personal information they decide or do not decide to disclose. Privacy categorization has been defined and used for different purposes. The systematic review focuses on three main research questions that investigate the study contexts, i.e. the motivations and research questions, that propose privacy categorisations; the methodologies and results of privacy categorisations; the evolution of privacy categorisations over time. Ultimately it tries to provide an answer whether privacy categorization as a research attempt is still meaningful and may have a future

Taming our wild data: On intercoder reliability in discourse research

Many research questions in the field of applied linguistics are answered by manually analyzing data collections or corpora: collections of spoken, written and/or visual communicative messages. In this kind of quantitative content analysis, the coding of subjective language data often leads to disagreement among raters. In this paper, we discuss causes of and solutions to disagreement problems in the analysis of discourse. We discuss crucial factors determining the quality and outcome of corpus analyses, and focus on the sometimes tense relation between reliability and validity. We evaluate formal assessments of intercoder reliability. We suggest a number of ways to improve the intercoder reliability, such as the precise specification of the variables and their coding categories and carving up the coding process into smaller substeps. The paper ends with a reflection on challenges for future work in discourse analysis, with special attention to big data and multimodal discourse

Directional adposition use in English, Swedish and Finnish

Directional adpositions such as to the left of describe where a Figure is in relation to a Ground. English and Swedish directional adpositions refer to the location of a Figure in relation to a Ground, whether both are static or in motion. In contrast, the Finnish directional adpositions edellä (in front of) and jäljessä (behind) solely describe the location of a moving Figure in relation to a moving Ground (Nikanne, 2003). When using directional adpositions, a frame of reference must be assumed for interpreting the meaning of directional adpositions. For example, the meaning of to the left of in English can be based on a relative (speaker or listener based) reference frame or an intrinsic (object based) reference frame (Levinson, 1996). When a Figure and a Ground are both in motion, it is possible for a Figure to be described as being behind or in front of the Ground, even if neither have intrinsic features. As shown by Walker (in preparation), there are good reasons to assume that in the latter case a motion based reference frame is involved. This means that if Finnish speakers would use edellä (in front of) and jäljessä (behind) more frequently in situations where both the Figure and Ground are in motion, a difference in reference frame use between Finnish on one hand and English and Swedish on the other could be expected. We asked native English, Swedish and Finnish speakers’ to select adpositions from a language specific list to describe the location of a Figure relative to a Ground when both were shown to be moving on a computer screen. We were interested in any differences between Finnish, English and Swedish speakers. All languages showed a predominant use of directional spatial adpositions referring to the lexical concepts TO THE LEFT OF, TO THE RIGHT OF, ABOVE and BELOW. There were no differences between the languages in directional adpositions use or reference frame use, including reference frame use based on motion. We conclude that despite differences in the grammars of the languages involved, and potential differences in reference frame system use, the three languages investigated encode Figure location in relation to Ground location in a similar way when both are in motion. Levinson, S. C. (1996). Frames of reference and Molyneux’s question: Crosslingiuistic evidence. In P. Bloom, M.A. Peterson, L. Nadel & M.F. Garrett (Eds.) Language and Space (pp.109-170). Massachusetts: MIT Press. Nikanne, U. (2003). How Finnish postpositions see the axis system. In E. van der Zee & J. Slack (Eds.), Representing direction in language and space. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Walker, C. (in preparation). Motion encoding in language, the use of spatial locatives in a motion context. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Lincoln, Lincoln. United Kingdo

Determining Interconnectedness of Barriers to Interface Management in Large Construction Projects

This study aims to identify the crucial barriers to interface management and understand the interdependencies in Large Infrastructure Construction Projects (LICP). Three-pronged sequential explanatory mixed methods research is adopted comprising a structured survey of experts (n=102) and semi-structured interviews (n=13). Subsequently, interpretive structural modelling (ISM) integrated with fuzzy protocol is used to analyse pairwise interrelationships among these factors. A ‘Multi-layered IM barrier’ model is developed with ‘Process related issues,’ 'Misaligned incentives among project stakeholders' and 'Frequent Change Orders' as the manifested barriers. On the other hand, this study also prioritized the barriers and classified them as driving, linking, and independent. The outcome of this study presents the interdependence of barriers and classification of barriers, focusing on proactive action on driving barriers, which is crucial to the knowledge of interface management. The impact position of LICP with the identified project issues can be compared against ‘Multi-layered IM barriers’ and can help project teams better strategize IM by focusing on essential barriers. In addition, such exercises can improve the coordination among participants in construction projects. Using a structured approach to identifying interdependencies among barriers to IM is a significant original contribution by the study

Diffusion of Telemedicine: a Multiple Case Study of Factors Influencing the Adoption of Telemedicine Technology

The use of telemedicine has been an emerging phenomenon in healthcare during past decades. In short, the term telemedicine refers to the process of exchanging of clinical information between two or more spatially separated parties. Telemedicine technology can be used to deliver medical knowledge and know-how to areas where this expertise is not otherwise available. In addition, telemedicine technology might prove to be beneficial for healthcare organizations in their pursuit to seek cost-savings and increased quality of service provided for the patients. Although the information technology enabling the use of telemedicine systems has been developing at a fast pace, the diffusion of telemedicine technology in healthcare organizations has been modest. Several studies have been conducted on the acceptance of telemedicine technology but most of the emerged results could not be generalized in wider use due to the narrow scopes of the studies. Telemedicine systems implementation still lacks the best practices and solid evidence to back up the criteria to be considered when developing, deploying and using telemedicine technologies. This thesis aims to increase knowledge about the factors affecting telemedicine adoption in individual and organizational level. To study the factors influencing the rate of diffusion of telemedicine technology in Finnish healthcare organizations, six case studies of telemedicine development, deployment and use are studied through analysis of semi-structured interviews. The empirical data gathered from the interviews is reflected with the prior academic literature on telemedicine diffusion explained through technology adoption models. The key findings of the study suggest that the demonstrability of telemedicine technology’s potential benefits, organizational structures that include telemedicine practices in daily routine and sufficient allocation of time to telemedicine use have the most substantial impact on telemedicine adoption. On the other hand, the protective organizational cultures and unclear benefits of the technology are likely to hinder the rate of the adoption in healthcare organizations

Writing From “The Wrong Class”: Archiving Labor in the Context of Precarity

This article explores the methodological impact of building and curating a transnational archive of working-class literacy practices, spanning themes of vocation, immigration, gender, race, and disability, from the ground up alongside the Federation of Worker Writers and Community Publishers. The article focuses particularly on how our disciplinary methods might be (re) shaped within a context of precarity when working with/archiving the literacy practices of disenfranchised populations. I argue that such precarity shapes how our methods/methodologies account for material realities—the laboring of bodies, influx of finances, physical conditions of the community involved—and changing social conditions that affect not only archival creation but also sustainability. I illustrate how The FWWCP Archival Project responded through a kitchen-table ethos in order to design the archive with the community’s expertise at the forefront