Improving the Proactive Routing Protocol using Depth First Iterative Deepening Spanning Tree in Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Owing to the wireless and mobility nature, nodes in a mobile ad hoc network are not within the transmission range. It needs to transfer data through the multi-intermediate nodes. Opportunistic data forwarding is an assuring solution to make use of the broadcast environment of wireless communication links. Due to absence of source routing capability with efficient proactive routing protocol, it is not widely used. To rectify the problem, we proposed memory and routing efficient proactive routing protocol using Depth-First Iterative-Deepening and hello messaging scheme.  This protocol can conserve the topology information in every node in the network. In experimental analysis and discussion, we implemented the proposed work using NS2 simulator tool and proved that the proposed technique is performed well in terms of average delay, buffer and throughput

Clustering and Hybrid Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

This dissertation focuses on clustering and hybrid routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). Specifically, we study two different network-layer virtual infrastructures proposed for MANET: the explicit cluster infrastructure and the implicit zone infrastructure. In the first part of the dissertation, we propose a novel clustering scheme based on a number of properties of diameter-2 graphs to provide a general-purpose virtual infrastructure for MANET. Compared to virtual infrastructures with central nodes, our virtual infrastructure is more symmetric and stable, but still light-weight. In our clustering scheme, cluster initialization naturally blends into cluster maintenance, showing the unity between these two operations. We call our algorithm tree-based since cluster merge and split operations are performed based on a spanning tree maintained at some specific nodes. Extensive simulation results have shown the effectiveness of our clustering scheme when compared to other schemes proposed in the literature. In the second part of the dissertation, we propose TZRP (Two-Zone Routing Protocol) as a hybrid routing framework that can balance the tradeoffs between pure proactive, fuzzy proactive, and reactive routing approaches more effectively in a wide range of network conditions. In TZRP, each node maintains two zones: a Crisp Zone for proactive routing and efficient bordercasting, and a Fuzzy Zone for heuristic routing using imprecise locality information. The perimeter of the Crisp Zone is the boundary between pure proactive routing and fuzzy proactive routing, and the perimeter of the Fuzzy Zone is the boundary between proactive routing and reactive routing. By adjusting the sizes of these two zones, a reduced total routing control overhead can be achieved

On the Benefits of a Cooperative Layer-2 based Routing Approach for Hybrid Wireless Mesh Networks

In a wireless mesh network, the convenience of a routing strategy strongly depends on the mobility of the intermediate nodes that compose the paths. Taking into account this behavior, this paper presents a routing scheme that works differently accordingly to the nodes mobility. In this sense, a proactive routing scheme is restricted to the backbone in order to promote the use of stable routes. On the other hand, the reactive protocol is used to search routes to or from a mobile destination. Both approaches are simultaneously implemented in the mesh nodes so that the routing protocols share routing information that optimize the network performance. Aiming at guaranteeing the IP compatibility, the combination of the two protocols in the core routers is carried out at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. Opposite to the operation at IP layer where two routing protocols are not able to concurrently work, the transfer of the routing tasks to the MAC layer enables the use of multiple independent forwarding tables. Simulation results show the goodness of the proposal in terms of packet losses and data delayTriviño, A.; Ariza, A.; Casilari, E.; Cano Escribá, JC. (2013). On the Benefits of a Cooperative Layer-2 based Routing Approach for Hybrid Wireless Mesh Networks. China Communications. 10(8):88-99. doi:10.1109/CC.2013.6633748S889910

Concurrent Geometric Multicasting

We present MCFR, a multicasting concurrent face routing algorithm that uses geometric routing to deliver a message from source to multiple targets. We describe the algorithm's operation, prove it correct, estimate its performance bounds and evaluate its performance using simulation. Our estimate shows that MCFR is the first geometric multicast routing algorithm whose message delivery latency is independent of network size and only proportional to the distance between the source and the targets. Our simulation indicates that MCFR has significantly better reliability than existing algorithms

Minimizing the Overhead caused due to dynamic nodes in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks using Zone routing protocol

Opportunistic data forwarding has become a interesting topic in the multi-hop wireless networking. Opportunistic data forwarding is not used in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) due to the lack of an efficient lightweight proactive strong source routing scheme. Proactive Source Routing uses Breadth First Spanning Trees (BFSTs) and maintains more network topology information to facilitate source routing. Although it has greatly reduced overhead than traditional link state (LS)-based routing protocols and reactive source routing protocols, the computational and memory overhead involved in maintaining BFSTs to reach every node in the denser networks will be high. In this paper Zone-based Proactive Source Routing Protocol is proposed. Zone routing protocol (ZRP) uses partition based routing. The ZRP make use of source routing inside a zone and on-demand routing outside the zone. This approach combines the advantages of both proactive and zone based routing protocols. The simulation shows that the Z-PSR i.e. zone based proactive source routing protocol performs better compared to PSR