ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Recently, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has received increased interest of research thanks to its many real-life applications. In WSNs, the sensor nodes sense different phenomenon from the encompassing area and forward data to the sink. Among the available routing protocols (RP), most of them used Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) but did not consider the battery energy state while selecting the cluster head (CH). This paper proposed a multi-energy threshold-based routing protocol supported LEACH, which provides different energy thresholds of battery energy state, called multi-energy threshold LEACH (MET-LEACH). The MET-LEACH uses remaining battery energy state to pick the CHs. the primary node dies (FND), the half nodes die (HND), the last node dies (LND), packet reception ratio (PRR) and therefore the application level latency are the performance parameters to evaluate the performance of the proposed MET-LEACH protocol using the Castalia simulator. The simulation results show that MET-LEACH gives significant improvement in terms of FND (112% to 290%), HND (76% to 161%) and LND (76% to 185%) over the performance of LEACH

Pragmatic Distribution Based Routing Cluster to Improve Energy Efficient Cluster lifetime for Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy consumed by the  sensor nodes are more sporadic in a sensor networks. A skilled way to bring down energy consumption and extend maximum life-time of any sensor present can be of evenly and unevenly distributed random area networks. Cluster heads are more responsible for the links between the source and destination. Energy consumption are much compare to member nodes of the network. Re-clustering will take place if the connectivity in the distributed network failure occurs in between the cluster networks  that will affects redundancy in the network efficiency. Hence, we propose  pragmatic distribution based routing cluster lifetime using fitness function (PDBRC) prototype  is better than the existing protocol using MATLAB 2021a simulation tool

Pragmatic Distribution Based Routing Cluster to Improve Energy Efficient Cluster lifetime for Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy consumed by the sensor nodes are more sporadic in a sensor networks. A skilled way to bring down energy consumption and extend maximum life-time of any sensor present can be of evenly and unevenly distributed random area networks. Cluster heads are more responsible for the links between the source and destination. Energy consumption are much compare to member nodes of the network. Re-clustering will take place if the connectivity in the distributed network failure occurs in between the cluster networks that will affects redundancy in the network efficiency. Hence, we propose pragmatic distribution based routing cluster lifetime using fitness function (PDBRC) prototype is better than the existing protocol using MATLAB 2021a simulation tool

A Novel Design Development for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Device

As more and more small electronic equipment enters people's lives, the power supply demand for these small electronic devices is also increasing. For small electronic devices, batteries are usually used for power supply, but for remote areas, frequently changing batteries is a complex job. Energy harvesting is a good way to solve this problem, such as photovoltaic batteries. Piezoelectric energy harvesting, as a method of energy harvesting, can generate unconventional clean energy through mechanical vibrations present in the environment. Due to the advantages of simplicity in structure, and low manufacturing and maintenance costs, piezoelectric energy harvesting holds great potential, especially for developing countries. Firstly, the thesis summarizes and analyses various types of existing piezoelectric energy harvester designs, identifying their shortcomings and potential areas for development. This provides a theoretical foundation for future research. Secondly, a novel galloping piezoelectric energy harvesting design, "a reverse C shape with a tail design," is proposed. Experimental and simulation analysis in a wind tunnel demonstrates that this design achieves a 25-fold increase in power output compared to existing designs at a wind speed of 5m/s. Furthermore, at a wind speed of 7m/s, the power output reaches 2.15mW, which can effectively meet the daily power requirements of specific electronic devices, such as hearing aids. In addition, this thesis also studied each parameter of the design, such as the length of the tail, the thickness of the "C shape", the selection of the cantilever beam, etc., which determine the impact of each parameter on the power output. The end of this thesis provides theoretical support through simulation studies, and suggestions for future research are provided. Overall, this thesis provides a new design for piezoelectric energy harvesters and also provides a broader perspective and theoretical support for the future development of this type of energy harvester