Lightweight Three-Factor Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Internet-Integrated Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) will be integrated into the future Internet as one of the components of the Internet of Things, and will become globally addressable by any entity connected to the Internet. Despite the great potential of this integration, it also brings new threats, such as the exposure of sensor nodes to attacks originating from the Internet. In this context, lightweight authentication and key agreement protocols must be in place to enable end-to-end secure communication. Recently, Amin et al. proposed a three-factor mutual authentication protocol for WSNs. However, we identified several flaws in their protocol. We found that their protocol suffers from smart card loss attack where the user identity and password can be guessed using offline brute force techniques. Moreover, the protocol suffers from known session-specific temporary information attack, which leads to the disclosure of session keys in other sessions. Furthermore, the protocol is vulnerable to tracking attack and fails to fulfill user untraceability. To address these deficiencies, we present a lightweight and secure user authentication protocol based on the Rabin cryptosystem, which has the characteristic of computational asymmetry. We conduct a formal verification of our proposed protocol using ProVerif in order to demonstrate that our scheme fulfills the required security properties. We also present a comprehensive heuristic security analysis to show that our protocol is secure against all the possible attacks and provides the desired security features. The results we obtained show that our new protocol is a secure and lightweight solution for authentication and key agreement for Internet-integrated WSNs

Автентифікація в мережах інтернету речей

Робота обсягом 98 сторінок містить 7 ілюстрацій, 8 таблиць та 142 літературні посилання. Метою роботи є створення математичного методу оцінки ефективності засобів автентифікації в мережах інтернету речей в залежності від заданих параметрів (важливість та кількість чинних видів атак, наявність певних криптографічних механізмів); збір інформації про чинні методи автентифікації шляхом аналізу та метааналізу і застосування розробленого методу на ці дані. Результатом є ефективний та легко розширювальний спосіб вибору засобу автентифікації в залежності від потреб користувача Об’єктом дослідження є засоби автентифікації в мережах інтернету речей. Результати роботи викладені у вигляді таблиці та методу, що демонструє, ефективність обраних для аналізу методів автентифікації згідно з запропонованим методом. Результати роботи можуть бути використані при розробці систем інтернету речей. Також можна використовувати розроблений метод для оцінки ефективності методів автентифікації та порівняння з результатами оцінки інших методів автентифікації.The work in 98-page volume contains 7 illustrations, 8 tables and 142 literary references. The purpose of the work is to create a mathematical method for assessing the effectiveness of authentication tools in IoT networks, depending on the given parameters (importance and number of existing types of attacks, the presence of certain cryptographic mechanisms); collect information on existing methods of outsourcing by analysing and meta-analysis and applying the developed method to these data. The result is an efficient and easy way to select an authentication tool depending on the user's needs The object of research is the means of authentication on the Internet of things. The results of the work are presented in the form of a table and method demonstrating the effectiveness of the selected methods for analysing authentication methods according to the proposed method. The results of the work can be used in the development of IoT systems. Also, it can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of authentication methods and compare them with the results of evaluating other authentication methods

Security for networked smart healthcare systems: A systematic review

Background and Objectives Smart healthcare systems use technologies such as wearable devices, Internet of Medical Things and mobile internet technologies to dynamically access health information, connect patients to health professionals and health institutions, and to actively manage and respond intelligently to the medical ecosystem's needs. However, smart healthcare systems are affected by many challenges in their implementation and maintenance. Key among these are ensuring the security and privacy of patient health information. To address this challenge, several mitigation measures have been proposed and some have been implemented. Techniques that have been used include data encryption and biometric access. In addition, blockchain is an emerging security technology that is expected to address the security issues due to its distributed and decentralized architecture which is similar to that of smart healthcare systems. This study reviewed articles that identified security requirements and risks, proposed potential solutions, and explained the effectiveness of these solutions in addressing security problems in smart healthcare systems. Methods This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and was framed using the Problem, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome (PICO) approach to investigate and analyse the concepts of interest. However, the comparator is not applicable because this review focuses on the security measures available and in this case no comparable solutions were considered since the concept of smart healthcare systems is an emerging one and there are therefore, no existing security solutions that have been used before. The search strategy involved the identification of studies from several databases including the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAL), Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Excerpta Medical database (EMBASE), Ebscohost and the Cochrane Library for articles that focused on the security for smart healthcare systems. The selection process involved removing duplicate studies, and excluding studies after reading the titles, abstracts, and full texts. Studies whose records could not be retrieved using a predefined selection criterion for inclusion and exclusion were excluded. The remaining articles were then screened for eligibility. A data extraction form was used to capture details of the screened studies after reading the full text. Of the searched databases, only three yielded results when the search strategy was applied, i.e., Scopus, Web of science and Medline, giving a total of 1742 articles. 436 duplicate studies were removed. Of the remaining articles, 801 were excluded after reading the title, after which 342 after were excluded after reading the abstract, leaving 163, of which 4 studies could not be retrieved. 159 articles were therefore screened for eligibility after reading the full text. Of these, 14 studies were included for detailed review using the formulated research questions and the PICO framework. Each of the 14 included articles presented a description of a smart healthcare system and identified the security requirements, risks and solutions to mitigate the risks. Each article also summarized the effectiveness of the proposed security solution. Results The key security requirements reported were data confidentiality, integrity and availability of data within the system, with authorisation and authentication used to support these key security requirements. The identified security risks include loss of data confidentiality due to eavesdropping in wireless communication mediums, authentication vulnerabilities in user devices and storage servers, data fabrication and message modification attacks during transmission as well as while the data is at rest in databases and other storage devices. The proposed mitigation measures included the use of biometric accessing devices; data encryption for protecting the confidentiality and integrity of data; blockchain technology to address confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data; network slicing techniques to provide isolation of patient health data in 5G mobile systems; and multi-factor authentication when accessing IoT devices, servers, and other components of the smart healthcare systems. The effectiveness of the proposed solutions was demonstrated through their ability to provide a high level of data security in smart healthcare systems. For example, proposed encryption algorithms demonstrated better energy efficiency, and improved operational speed; reduced computational overhead, better scalability, efficiency in data processing, and better ease of deployment. Conclusion This systematic review has shown that the use of blockchain technology, biometrics (fingerprints), data encryption techniques, multifactor authentication and network slicing in the case of 5G smart healthcare systems has the potential to alleviate possible security risks in smart healthcare systems. The benefits of these solutions include a high level of security and privacy for Electronic Health Records (EHRs) systems; improved speed of data transaction without the need for a decentralized third party, enabled by the use of blockchain. However, the proposed solutions do not address data protection in cases where an intruder has already accessed the system. This may be potential avenues for further research and inquiry