Enhanced biological phosphorus removal and its modeling for the activated sludge and membrane bioreactor processes

A modified activated sludge process (ASP) for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) needs to sustain stable performance for wastewater treatment to avoid eutrophication in the aquatic environment. Unfortunately, the overall efficiency of the EBPR in ASPs and membrane bioreactors (MBRs) is frequently hindered by different operational/system constraints. Moreover, although phosphorus removal data from several wastewater treatment systems are available, a comprehensive mathematical model of the process is still lacking. This paper presents a critical review that highlights the core issues of the biological phosphorus removal in ASPs and MBRs while discussing the inhibitory process requirements for other nutrients' removal. This mini review also successfully provided an assessment of the available models for predicting phosphorus removal in both ASP and MBR systems. The advantages and limitations of the existing models were discussed together with the inclusion of few guidelines for their improvement. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd

Model assisted identification of N2O mitigation strategies for full-scale reject water treatment plants

In a 3-year research project, a new approach to forecast biological N2O formation and emission at high-strength reject water treatment has been developed (ASM3/1_N2OISAH). It was calibrated by extensive batch-tests and finally evaluated by long-term measurement campaigns realized at three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with different process configurations for nitrogen removal of reject water. To enable a model application with common full-scale data, the nitritation-connected supplementary processes that are responsible for N2O formation are not depicted in the model. Instead, within the new model approach the N2O formation is linked to the NH4-N oxidation rate by defining specific formation factors [N2O-Nform/NH4-Nox], depending on the concentrations of NO2 and O2 as well as the NH4 load. A comparison between the measured and the modeled N2O concentrations in the liquid and gas phase at the full-scale treatment plants prove the ability of the proposed modelling approach to represent the observed trends of N2O formation, emission and reduction using the standard parameter set of kinetics and formation factors. Thus, enabling a reliable estimation of the N2O emissions for different operational conditions. The measurements indicate that a formation of N2O by AOB cannot completely be avoided. However, a considerable reduction of the formed N2O was observed in an anoxic environment. Applying the model, operational settings and mitigation strategies can now be identified without extensive measurement campaigns. For further enhancement of the model, first results for kinetics of N2O reduction kinetics by denitrification processes were determined in laboratory-scale batch tests

Benchmarking Biological Nutrient Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants:Influence of Mathematical Model Assumptions

This paper examines the effect of different model assumptions when describing biological nutrient removal (BNR) by the activated sludge models (ASM) 1, 2d & 3. The performance of a nitrogen removal (WWTP1) and a combined nitrogen and phosphorus removal (WWTP2) benchmark wastewater treatment plant was compared for a series of model assumptions. Three different model approaches describing BNR are considered. In the reference case, the original model implementations are used to simulate WWTP1 (ASM1 & 3) and WWTP2 (ASM2d). The second set of models includes a reactive settler, which extends the description of the non-reactive TSS sedimentation and transport in the reference case with the full set of ASM processes. Finally, the third set of models is based on including electron acceptor dependency of biomass decay rates for ASM1 (WWTP1) and ASM2d (WWTP2). The results show that incorporation of a reactive settler: (1) increases the hydrolysis of particulates; (2) increases the overall plant's denitrification efficiency by reducing the S(NOx) concentration at the bottom of the clarifier; (3) increases the oxidation of COD compounds; (4) increases X(OHO) and X(ANO) decay; and, finally, (5) increases the growth of X(PAO) and formation of X(PHA,Stor) for ASM2d, which has a major impact on the whole P removal system. Introduction of electron acceptor dependent decay leads to a substantial increase of the concentration of X(ANO), X(OHO) and X(PAO) in the bottom of the clarifier. The paper ends with a critical discussion of the influence of the different model assumptions, and emphasizes the need for a model user to understand the significant differences in simulation results that are obtained when applying different combinations of 'standard' models

Review: Modeling of nitrogen removal and control strategy in continuous-flow-intermittent-aeration process

The continuous-flow-intermittent-aeration process was introduced to achieve nitrogen removal in a  wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Without structural readjustment of completed mixed activated-sludge treatment unit, operation scheme of intermittent aeration would be upgraded to promote the WWTP  performance. As an aid of the implementation, mathematical simulation models were developed as an  invaluable tool. Due to some uncertainties associated with the mechanisms and quantification of the process, some simplification in a reliable model should be addressed progressively by using the relevant information  drawn from the existing models, the literature and the works on the experiments. An unsteady-state model for the upgrade of WWTP process was developed. The model predictions are coincident with the practical trends of the effluents, which the error percentages are about 10%. Moreover, the model facilitates the insight into  nitrogen removal with the process operational conditions. The study could provide some valuable reference and recommendation on the design and operation of the municipal WWTP.Key words: Kinetic model, nitrification, denitrification, process control, continuous flow, intermittent aeration

Modeling of a Pilot Wastewater Treatment Plant Operated With Variable Inflows

The nitrification-denitrification process was studied on suspended activated sludge in a CSTR pilot plant of 15 litres. The system was operated in the single sludge mode and was fed with artificial wastewater. The experiments were carried out under steady and non-steady-state operational conditions in order to assess the reliability of mathematical simulations based on a modified ASM1 model that was successfully calibrated at the starting steady-state conditions. The dynamic model predictions and the measured responses of the real process yielded the initial values when the initial steady-state operational conditions were restored after stepped changes in the input flow. Although relatively good correlations were obtained between the experimental data and the model predictions, in some cases large differences were observed under non-steady-state operational conditions. This reflects the discrepancy between the complex nature of the real activated sludge processes and the model’s macroscopic descriptions of these processes

Greenhouse gas emissions from and storm impacts on wastewater treatment plants : process modelling and control

Cette thèse étudie l'interaction entre les stations d’épuration (STEP) et le changement climatique: soit en premier lieu la production ainsi que les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), en particulier le protoxyde d’azote (N2O), généré à la STEP et en second lieu l’effet des pluies plus intenses dues aux changements climatiques sur la STEP. Des campagnes de mesure sur le terrain et la modélisation à échelle réelle ont été utilisées conjointement dans cette recherche. Une campagne de mesure d'une durée d’un mois a été réalisée dans une STEP traitant les eaux usées de 750,000 équivalents habitants, soit la STEP d’Eindhoven aux Pays-Bas. Des capteurs en ligne ont été installés dans la zone d'aération du bioréacteur. Une usine virtuelle de grande échelle, soit la STEP décrit par le Benchmark Simulation Model No.2 (BSM2), ainsi qu’une usine réelle de grande échelle, soit la STEP d’Eindhoven aux Pays-Bas, étaient incluses dans cette étude. Dans les deux cas, les modèles ont été modifiés afin de prendre en compte les GES, en particulier la production de N2O. Deux modèles de boues activées (ASM) ont été développés, soit l’ASMG1 et l’ASMG2d. En plus de la conversion de N2O par les bactéries hétérotrophes, les deux modèles sont en mesure de simuler la production de N2O par la dénitrification catalysée par les bactéries oxydant l'ammoniac (AOB). Les modèles décrivent aussi l'effet de l’oxygène dissous (OD) sur la cinétique de production de N2O par les AOB grâce à une modification de la cinétique d’Haldane. Les résultats montrent que les AOB produisent beaucoup de N2O tandis que les hétérotrophes en consomment considérablement. Les émissions de N2O augmentent lorsque les concentrations de NH4+ sont élevées et que les concentrations d’OD sont modérées (jusqu’à 2.5 mg O2/l dans cette étude). Ces conditions peuvent avoir été créées par le contrôle en cascade de NH4+-OD qui vise à réduire la consommation d'énergie en diminuant les concentrations d'OD lorsque la concentration de NH4+ est suffisamment faible. En outre, ce contrôleur en cascade est une stratégie de rétroaction à gain faible. C'est-à-dire, un retard significatif se produit entre la détection d'une augmentation de NH4+ et l'accroissement de l'aération. Toutes ces propriétés produisent des conditions favorables à la production de N2O par les bactéries AOB. Différents scénarios alternatifs ainsi que des stratégies de contrôle ont été comparés selon la qualité de l'effluent, le coût d’opération et les émissions de GES. Dans le cadre de BSM2, un bon équilibre entre la qualité de l'effluent, le coût d’opération et les émissions de GES a été obtenu avec à la mise en œuvre d'un contrôleur rétroactif pur de l’OD sur la première zone d'aération et d’un contrôleur en cascade de NH4+-DO sur les deux zones d'aération suivantes et en utilisant soit une stratégie d'alimentation étagée ou le contrôle du recyclage des boues afin de gérer les pics de débits. Mots-clés: Traitement des eaux usées par boues activées, contrôle de procédé, campagne de mesures en terrain, modélisation mathématique à échelle grandeur réelle, gaz à effet de serre, protoxyde d’azote, temps de pluie.This PhD thesis studied the interaction between wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and climate change, i.e. the production and emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), especially nitrous oxide (N2O), from WWTPs and the effect of the climate change induced more intense rain events on WWTPs. Both field measurements and full-scale modelling were pursued in this research. A one-month measurement campaign was performed by installing on-line sensors at the aeration zone of the bioreactor of a 750,000 person equivalents WWTP, i.e. the Eindhoven WWTP in the Netherlands. The models of a full-scale virtual plant, i.e. the Benchmark Simulation Model No.2 (BSM2), and a full-scale real plant, i.e. the Eindhoven WWTP in the Netherlands, were extended with respect to GHG emissions, especially the pathways involving N2O. Two types of extended Activated Sludge Models (ASM) were developed, i.e. ASMG1 for COD/N removal and ASMG2d for COD/N/P removal. Besides heterotrophic N2O production, both proposed models include N2O production by nitrite denitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and describe the DO effect on AOB N2O production by a modified Haldane kinetics term. Results showed that AOB are the major producer of N2O while the heterotrophs consume N2O considerably. The high N2O emissions occurred under high NH4+ and intermediate DO concentrations (up to 2.5 mg O2/l in this work). Such conditions can be created by NH4+-DO cascade control which aims at reducing energy consumption by lowering the DO concentrations when the NH4+ concentration is sufficiently low. Moreover, this cascade controller is a low-gain feedback control strategy, i.e. a significant delay will occur between the detection of a NH4+ increase and the increase in aeration. All these properties lead to conditions favourable to N2O production by AOB. Different alternative scenarios and control strategies were compared in terms of effluent quality, operational cost and GHG emissions. In the framework of BSM2, a good balance among effluent quality, operational cost and GHG emissions was realized by implementing a pure DO feedback controller in the first aeration zone and a NH4+-DO cascade controller in the following two aeration zones and using either step feed or sludge recycling control to deal with hydraulic shocks. Keywords: Activated sludge, wastewater treatment, process control, field measurements, full-scale mathematical modelling, greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide, wet weather conditions

Modelling greenhouse gas emissions from biological wastewater treatment by GPS-X: The full-scale case study of Corleone (Italy)

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can affect climate change and must be measured and reduced. Mathematical modelling is an attractive solution to get a tool for GHG mitigation. However, although many efforts have been made to create reliable tools that can simulate "sustainable" full-scale WWTP operation, these studies are not considered complete enough to include GHG emissions and energy consumption of biological processes under long-term dynamic conditions. In this study, activated sludge model no. 1 (ASM1) was modified to model nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions with a plant-wide modelling approach. The model is novel compared to the state of the art since it includes three steps denitrification, all N2O production pathways and its stripping in an ASM1. The model has been calibrated and validated through long-term water quality and short-term N2O emissions data collected from Corleone (Italy) WWTP. Different dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and return sludge (RAS) ratios were tested with dynamic simulations to optimise the fullscale WWTP. The scenarios have been compared synergistically with effluent quality, direct GHG emissions, and energy footprint by the water-energy-carbon coupling index (WECCI). This modelling study is novel as it fully covers long-term calibration/validation of the model with N2O measurements and tests the dynamic optimisation. Decision-makers and operators can use this new model to optimise GHG emissions and treatment costs