6,667 research outputs found

    An Application-Aware Spectrum Sharing Approach for Commercial Use of 3.5 GHz Spectrum

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    In this paper, we introduce an application-aware spectrum sharing approach for sharing the Federal under-utilized 3.5 GHz spectrum with commercial users. In our model, users are running elastic or inelastic traffic and each application running on the user equipment (UE) is assigned a utility function based on its type. Furthermore, each of the small cells users has a minimum required target utility for its application. In order for users located under the coverage area of the small cells' eNodeBs, with the 3.5 GHz band resources, to meet their minimum required quality of experience (QoE), the network operator makes a decision regarding the need for sharing the macro cell's resources to obtain additional resources. Our objective is to provide each user with a rate that satisfies its application's minimum required utility through spectrum sharing approach and improve the overall QoE in the network. We present an application-aware spectrum sharing algorithm that is based on resource allocation with carrier aggregation to allocate macro cell permanent resources and small cells' leased resources to UEs and allocate each user's application an aggregated rate that can at minimum achieves the application's minimum required utility. Finally, we present simulation results for the performance of the proposed algorithm.Comment: Submitted to IEE

    Insights on Spectrum Sharing in Heterogeneous Networks with Small Cells

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    This work explores the viability of 5G New Radio spectrum sharing in Ultra High Frequency (UHF), Super High Frequency (SHF) and millimetre wavebands(mmWaves) in outdoor environments. In the mmWaves the linear cellular topology is considered while in the UHF/SHF bands cells with hexagonal shape are assumed. Performance evaluation includes the study of the behaviour of PHY and supported throughput for 2.6, 3.5, 28, 38, 60 and 73 GHz. While the two-slope model is considered for the 2.6 and 3.5 GHz frequency bands, the modified Friis propagation model, with shadow fading, and different values for the standard deviation, is the considered in the millimeter wavebands. With sharing, lower system capacity is supported. We clearly observe that, for coverage distances up to circa 100 m, the supported throughput is higher at the millimetre wavebands, mainly due to the reduction that characterizes the application of the two-slope propagation model at the UHF/SHF bands.Bolsa BID/ICI-FE/Santander Universidades-UBI/2016info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Tragedy of the Regulatory Commons: LightSquared and the Missing Spectrum Rights

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    The endemic underuse of radio spectrum constitutes a tragedy of the regulatory commons. Like other common interest tragedies, the outcome results from a legal or market structure that prevents economic actors from executing socially efficient bargains. In wireless markets, innovative applications often provoke claims by incumbent radio users that the new traffic will interfere with existing services. Sometimes these concerns are mitigated via market transactions, a la “Coasian bargaining.” Other times, however, solutions cannot be found even when social gains dominate the cost of spillovers. In the recent “LightSquared debacle,” such spectrum allocation failure played out. GPS interests that access frequencies adjacent to the band hosting LightSquared’s new nationwide mobile network complained that the wireless entrant would harm the operation of locational devices. Based on these complaints, regulators then killed LightSquared’s planned 4G network. Conservative estimates placed the prospective 4G consumer gains at least an order of magnitude above GPS losses. “Win win” bargains were theoretically available, fixing GPS vulnerabilities while welcoming the highly valuable wireless innovation. Yet transaction costs—largely caused by policy choices to issue limited and highly fragmented spectrum usage rights (here in the GPS band)—proved prohibitive. This episode provides a template for understanding market and non-market failure in radio spectrum allocation

    Measurement and Optimization of LTE Performance

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    4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile system is the fourth generation communication system adopted worldwide to provide high-speed data connections and high-quality voice calls. Given the recent deployment by mobile service providers, unlike GSM and UMTS, LTE can be still considered to be in its early stages and therefore many topics still raise great interest among the international scientific research community: network performance assessment, network optimization, selective scheduling, interference management and coexistence with other communication systems in the unlicensed band, methods to evaluate human exposure to electromagnetic radiation are, as a matter of fact, still open issues. In this work techniques adopted to increase LTE radio performances are investigated. One of the most wide-spread solutions proposed by the standard is to implement MIMO techniques and within a few years, to overcome the scarcity of spectrum, LTE network operators will offload data traffic by accessing the unlicensed 5 GHz frequency. Our Research deals with an evaluation of 3GPP standard in a real test best scenario to evaluate network behavior and performance

    Increased energy efficiency in LTE networks through reduced early handover

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    “A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy”.Long Term Evolution (LTE) is enormously adopted by several mobile operators and has been introduced as a solution to fulfil ever-growing Users (UEs) data requirements in cellular networks. Enlarged data demands engage resource blocks over prolong time interval thus results into more dynamic power consumption at downlink in Basestation. Therefore, realisation of UEs requests come at the cost of increased power consumption which directly affects operator operational expenditures. Moreover, it also contributes in increased CO2 emissions thus leading towards Global Warming. According to research, Global Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems consume approximately 1200 to 1800 Terawatts per hour of electricity annually. Importantly mobile communication industry is accountable for more than one third of this power consumption in ICT due to increased data requirements, number of UEs and coverage area. Applying these values to global warming, telecommunication is responsible for 0.3 to 0.4 percent of worldwide CO2 emissions. Moreover, user data volume is expected to increase by a factor of 10 every five years which results in 16 to 20 percent increase in associated energy consumption which directly effects our environment by enlarged global warming. This research work focuses on the importance of energy saving in LTE and initially propose bandwidth expansion based energy saving scheme which combines two resource blocks together to form single super RB, thereby resulting in reduced Physical Downlink Control Channel Overhead (PDCCH). Thus, decreased PDCCH overhead helps in reduced dynamic power consumption up to 28 percent. Subsequently, novel reduced early handover (REHO) based idea is proposed and combined with bandwidth expansion to form enhanced energy ii saving scheme. System level simulations are performed to investigate the performance of REHO scheme; it was found that reduced early handover provided around 35% improved energy saving while compared to LTE standard in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) based scenario. Since there is a direct relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and vendors operational expenditure (OPEX); due to reduced power consumption and increased energy efficiency, REHO subsequently proven to be a step towards greener communication with lesser CO2 footprint and reduced operational expenditure values. The main idea of REHO lies in the fact that it initiate handovers earlier and turn off freed resource blocks as compare to LTE standard. Therefore, the time difference (Transmission Time Intervals) between REHO based early handover and LTE standard handover is a key component for energy saving achieved, which is estimated through axiom of Euclidean geometry. Moreover, overall system efficiency is investigated through the analysis of numerous performance related parameters in REHO and LTE standard. This led to a key finding being made to guide the vendors about the choice of energy saving in relation to radio link failure and other important parameters

    Business Case and Technology Analysis for 5G Low Latency Applications

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    A large number of new consumer and industrial applications are likely to change the classic operator's business models and provide a wide range of new markets to enter. This article analyses the most relevant 5G use cases that require ultra-low latency, from both technical and business perspectives. Low latency services pose challenging requirements to the network, and to fulfill them operators need to invest in costly changes in their network. In this sense, it is not clear whether such investments are going to be amortized with these new business models. In light of this, specific applications and requirements are described and the potential market benefits for operators are analysed. Conclusions show that operators have clear opportunities to add value and position themselves strongly with the increasing number of services to be provided by 5G.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figure
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