248 research outputs found

    Beam scanning by liquid-crystal biasing in a modified SIW structure

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    A fixed-frequency beam-scanning 1D antenna based on Liquid Crystals (LCs) is designed for application in 2D scanning with lateral alignment. The 2D array environment imposes full decoupling of adjacent 1D antennas, which often conflicts with the LC requirement of DC biasing: the proposed design accommodates both. The LC medium is placed inside a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) modified to work as a Groove Gap Waveguide, with radiating slots etched on the upper broad wall, that radiates as a Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA). This allows effective application of the DC bias voltage needed for tuning the LCs. At the same time, the RF field remains laterally confined, enabling the possibility to lay several antennas in parallel and achieve 2D beam scanning. The design is validated by simulation employing the actual properties of a commercial LC medium

    PAPR reduction in multicarrier modulation techniques based visible light communication systems

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    Visible light communication (VLC) is an optical wireless communication (OWC) technology that has the potential to provide high data rate transmission for indoor applications. VLC is a promising alternative technology with a large and unlicensed spectrum to complement the congested radio frequency (RF) based communication in order to meet the exponential growth and popularity of smart devices, data intensive services and applications. The use of low-cost commercially available front-end devices further highlights the attraction of VLC system. However, nonlinear dynamic range of front-end devices and optical channel impairments limit full exploitation of VLC available modulation bandwidth. To fully benefit from the inherent resources and mitigate these limitations, multicarrier modulation (MCM) techniques are adopted. However, these techniques are affected by high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) which imposes constraints on the limited dynamic range of the front-end devices and the average radiated optical power. The main focus throughout this thesis is to reduce the high PAPR of MCM modulation techniques-based VLC system by implementing pilot-assisted (PA) technique. Additionally, performance of PAPR reduced modulation techniques is investigated through analytical, simulation, and experimentally. This thesis first presents background of VLC system principles including the front-end devices, VLC channel, system impairments and challenges, and employed solutions. The principles, limitations, and performance of MCM modulation variants that are implemented in this work are presented. Moreover, principles of PAPR challenge in MCM based VLC, PAPR evaluation, impact on the transmitted signal as well as the existing PAPR reduction techniques are discussed. Looking at the gap, a PA is implemented as PAPR reduction technique which is presented in this work including its implementation and performance. Following that, multiple experimental studies on PAPR reduction of PA technique are presented. Two experimental demonstrations on the efficacy of PA PAPR reduction for PAM-DMT and DCO-OFDM based VLC using a single blue LED are presented. These studies are comparing the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of the proposed systems with conventional counterparts over a range of sampling rate. This shows that, the proposed systems perform better than conventional systems without PAPR reduction. The results are validated through simulation. Other two experimental studies on the previous systems with parameters optimisation and available modulation bandwidth utilisation are presented, which show that the proposed systems outperform the conventional systems in terms of BER. This is followed by investigating the PA PAPR reduction effect on the achievable data rate of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) based VLC system using three different LEDs for PAPR reduced DCO-OFDM and PAM-DMT systems. The proposed systems have achieved more than 8% data rate higher than that of conventional systems without BER performance degradation. Finally, analytical investigation of clipping noise that leads to distortion in a VLC system due to front-end devices limitations is presented. To mitigate the clipping noise, PAPR of the system is reduced by the PA technique. The analytical BER performance of the system with PAPR reduction is verified through simulation and then compared to that of the conventional system without PAPR reduction at similar clipping levels. The PA proposed system shows better BER performance at all clipping levels

    Linear Predistortion-less MIMO Transmitters

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    1-D broadside-radiating leaky-wave antenna based on a numerically synthesized impedance surface

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    A newly-developed deterministic numerical technique for the automated design of metasurface antennas is applied here for the first time to the design of a 1-D printed Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA) for broadside radiation. The surface impedance synthesis process does not require any a priori knowledge on the impedance pattern, and starts from a mask constraint on the desired far-field and practical bounds on the unit cell impedance values. The designed reactance surface for broadside radiation exhibits a non conventional patterning; this highlights the merit of using an automated design process for a design well known to be challenging for analytical methods. The antenna is physically implemented with an array of metal strips with varying gap widths and simulation results show very good agreement with the predicted performance

    Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer in 5G communication

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    Green communication technology is expected to be widely adopted in future generation networks to improve energy efficiency and reliability of wireless communication network. Among the green communication technologies,simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) is adopted for its flexible energy harvesting technology through the radio frequency (RF) signa lthati sused for information transmission. Even though existing SWIPT techniques are flexible and adoptable for the wireless communication networks, the power and time resources of the signal need to be shared between infor- mation transmission and RF energy harvesting, and this compromises the quality of the signal. Therefore,SWIP Ttechniques need to be designed to allow an efficient resource allocation for communication and energy harvesting. The goal oft his thesisis to design SWIP Ttechniques that allow efficient,reliable and secure joint communications and power transference. A problem associated to SWIPT techniques combined with multi carrier signals is that the increased power requirements inherent to energy harvesting purposes can exacerbate nonlinear distortion effects at the transmitter. Therefore, we evaluate nonlinear distortion and present feasible solutions to mitigate the impact of nonlinear distortion effects on the performance.Another goal of the thesisis to take advantage of the energy harvesting signals in SWIP Ttechniques for channel estimation and security purposes.Theperformance of these SWIPT techniques is evaluated analytically, and those results are validated by simulations. It is shownthatthe proposed SWIPT schemes can have excellent performance, out performing conventional SWIPT schemes.Espera-se que aschamadas tecnologiasde green communications sejam amplamente ado- tadas em futuras redes de comunicação sem fios para melhorar a sua eficiência energética a fiabilidade.Entre estas,encontram-se as tecnologias SWIPT (Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transference), nas quais um sinal radio é usado para transferir simultaneamente potência e informações.Embora as técnicas SWIPT existentes sejam fle- xíveis e adequadas para as redes de comunicações sem fios, os recursos de energia e tempo do sinal precisam ser compartilhados entre a transmissão de informações e de energia, o que pode comprometer a qualidade do sinal. Deste modo,as técnicas SWIPT precisam ser projetadas para permitir uma alocação eficiente de recursos para comunicação e recolha de energia. O objetivo desta tese é desenvolver técnicas SWIPT que permitam transferência de energia e comunicações eficientes,fiáveis e seguras.Um problema associado às técnicas SWIPT combinadas com sinais multi-portadora são as dificuldades de amplificação ine- rentes à combinação de sinais de transmissão de energia com sinais de transferência de dados, que podem exacerbar os efeitos de distorção não-linear nos sinais transmitidos. Deste modo, um dos objectivos desta tese é avaliar o impacto da distorção não-linear em sinais SWIPT, e apresentar soluções viáveis para mitigar os efeitos da distorção não-linear no desempenho da transmissão de dados.Outro objetivo da tese é aproveitar as vantagens dos sinais de transferência de energia em técnicas SWIPT para efeitos de estimação de canal e segurança na comunicação.Os desempenhos dessas técnicas SWIPT são avaliados analiticamente,sendo os respectivos resultados validados por simulações.É mostrado que os esquemas SWIPT propostos podem ter excelente desempenho, superando esquemas SWIPT convencionais

    Terahertz Communications and Sensing for 6G and Beyond: A Comprehensive View

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    The next-generation wireless technologies, commonly referred to as the sixth generation (6G), are envisioned to support extreme communications capacity and in particular disruption in the network sensing capabilities. The terahertz (THz) band is one potential enabler for those due to the enormous unused frequency bands and the high spatial resolution enabled by both short wavelengths and bandwidths. Different from earlier surveys, this paper presents a comprehensive treatment and technology survey on THz communications and sensing in terms of the advantages, applications, propagation characterization, channel modeling, measurement campaigns, antennas, transceiver devices, beamforming, networking, the integration of communications and sensing, and experimental testbeds. Starting from the motivation and use cases, we survey the development and historical perspective of THz communications and sensing with the anticipated 6G requirements. We explore the radio propagation, channel modeling, and measurements for THz band. The transceiver requirements, architectures, technological challenges, and approaches together with means to compensate for the high propagation losses by appropriate antenna and beamforming solutions. We survey also several system technologies required by or beneficial for THz systems. The synergistic design of sensing and communications is explored with depth. Practical trials, demonstrations, and experiments are also summarized. The paper gives a holistic view of the current state of the art and highlights the issues and challenges that are open for further research towards 6G.Comment: 55 pages, 10 figures, 8 tables, submitted to IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorial

    Enhanced energy and spectrum efficiency in visible light communications

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    In recent years, there has been a surge in data traffic, leading to the investigation of using optical frequencies in conjunction with radio frequency (RF) wireless communication systems. One such technology is visible light communication (VLC), which uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the visible light spectrum to transmit data. VLC has gained popularity for short-range wireless connections due to its energy efficiency, low-cost, and wide availability of front-end devices. However, one of the main challenges in designing a VLC system is improving its energy and spectral efficiency. This thesis aims to investigate techniques and determine the most effective methods for enhancing the energy and spectral efficiency of VLC systems. The thesis examined methods for optimising the bias point of an LED to benefit from increasing bandwidth at higher driving current while minimising the resulting signal distortion. The approaches are based on allowing for some nonlinear distortion or reducing signal swing/signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) while benefiting from higher bandwidth at higher driving currents. A framework is presented to estimate the attainable capacity under both conditions. Simulation results showed that the optimal bias point does not lie in the middle of the dynamic range. This was verified through a PAM-based VLC experiment, which showed that the transmission rate can be increased by choosing the optimal bias current instead of the midpoint of the linear range. Subsequently, VLC with probabilistic shaping (PS) is studied to optimise the distribution of source symbols and improve system performance. In this study, the error performance of PS is analysed, and closed-form analytical expressions are provided. The results show that PS outperforms the conventional uniform distribution and significantly reduces the required SNR to achieve a certain error probability. To demonstrate the practical application of PS in VLC, it was implemented in conjunction with optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. This allowed for continuous and adaptive loading of information bits to the channel response, resulting in an efficient use of available modulation bandwidth and transmission rates close to the channel capacity limits. In the two experimental demonstrations, a single low-power LED and a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system using three off-the-shelf LEDs were used to achieve bit rates of 1.13~Gbps and 10.81~Gbps, respectively, representing increases of 27.13\% and 25.7\% over the traditional bit-power loading technique. Finally, an alternative approach towards enhancing the energy of VLC systems is introduced using frequency shift chirp modulation (FSCM). The error performance of FSCM was analysed in different types of channels, and a proof-of-concept experiment was conducted to demonstrate its potential use in VLC systems. FSCM offers improved robustness in band-limited, frequency-selective channels compared to other modulation techniques. This makes it a promising choice for integrating into VLC systems, particularly in low-power and low-rate application scenarios

    PAPR Reduction Solutions for 5G and Beyond

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    The latest fifth generation (5G) wireless technology provides improved communication quality compared to earlier generations. The 5G New Radio (NR), specified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), addresses the modern requirements of the wireless networks and targets improved communication quality in terms of for example peak data rates, latency and reliability. On the other hand, there are still various crucial issues that impact the implementation and energy-efficiency of 5G NR networks and their different deployments. The power-efficiency of transmitter power amplifiers (PAs) is one of these issues. The PA is an important unit of a communication system, which is responsible from amplifying the transmit signal towards the antenna. Reaching high PA power-efficiency is known to be difficult when the transmit waveform has a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). The cyclic prefix (CP)-orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) that is the main physical-layer waveform of 5G NR, suffers from such high PAPR challenge. There are generally many PAPR reduction methods proposed in the literature, however, many of these have either very notable computational complexity or impose substantial inband distortion. Moreover, 5G NR has new features that require redesigning the PAPR reduction methods. In line with these, the first contribution of this thesis is the novel frequencyselective PAPR reduction concept, where clipping noise is shaped in a frequencyselective manner over the active passband. This concept is in line with the 5G NR, where aggressive frequency-domain multiplexing is considered as an important feature. Utilizing the frequency-selective PAPR reduction enables the realization of the heterogeneous resource utilization within one passband. The second contribution of this thesis is the frequency-selective single-numerology (SN) and mixed-numerology (MN) PAPR reduction methods. The 5G NR targets utilizing different physical resource blocks (PRBs) and bandwidth parts (BWPs) within one passband flexibly. Yet, existing PAPR reduction methods do not exploit these features. Based on this, novel algorithms utilizing PRB and BWP level control of clipping noise are designed to meet error vector magnitude (EVM) limits of the modulations while reducing the PAPR. TheMNallocation has one critical challenge as inter numerology interference (INI) emerges after aggregation of subband signals. Proposed MN PAPR reduction algorithm overcomes this issue by cancelling INI within the PAPR reduction loop, which has not been considered earlier. The third contribution of this thesis is the proposal of two novel non-iterative PAPR reduction methods. First method utilizes the fast-convolution filteredOFDM (FC-F-OFDM) that has excellent spectral containment, and combines it with clipping. Moreover, clipping noise is also allocated to guard bands by filter passband extension (FPE) and clipping noise in out-of-band (OOB) regions is essentially filtered through FC filtering. The second method is the guard-tone reservation (GTR) which is applied to discrete Fourier transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM). Uniquely, GTR estimates the time domain peaks in data symbol domain before inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), and uses guard band tones for PAPR reduction. The fourth contribution of the thesis is the design of two novel machine learning (ML) algorithms that improve the drawbacks of frequency-selective PAPRreduction. The first ML algorithm, PAPRer, models the nonlinear relation between the PAPR target and the realized PAPR value. Then, it auto-tunes the optimal PAPR target and this way minimizes the realized PAPR. The second ML algorithm, one-shot clipping-and-filtering (OSCF), solves the complexity problem of iterative clipping and filtering (ICF)-like methods by generating proper approximated clipping noise signal after running only one iteration, leading to very efficient PAPR reduction. Finally, an over-arching contribution of this thesis is the experimental validation of the performance benefits of the proposed methods by considering realistic 5GNR uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) testbeds that include realistic PAs and associated hardware. It is very important to confirm the practical benefits of the proposed methods and, this is realized with the conducted experimental work
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