1,190 research outputs found
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Numerical study of detonation in solid explosives under hydrodynamic and elastic-plastic confinement
Initiation devices used in mining have strict requirements for safety and efficiency.
However, the analysis of their operation is encumbered by their complex design which
involves multiple explosive charges and inert materials. We use numerical simulations to
study detonation in configurations involving complex geometry and multiple materials
with the aim of revealing key features of their internal processes and improving their
reliability and performance. The mathematical model is based on a two-phase reactive
formulation and is extended with porosity and shock desensitization models. It is coupled
with appropriate inert material models for fluids and solids to accurately capture their
interaction with the detonation wave.
We initially consider detonation propagation in annular charges. The model and
implementation are validated against experimental data for steady state propagation. Then,
the numerical solution is used to obtain a detailed description of the speed of the detonation
wave along the annular arc and a new description of the transition phase is proposed.
Further, a parametric study is performed in which the dependence of the transition phase
and steady state on the dimensions of the annulus is analysed.
The rest of the thesis examines detonation in explosive devices used in the initiation of
tertiary explosives in mining. First, we consider the response of a detonator in isolation,
guided by an underwater explosion test. Following validation, the strength of the blast wave
is examined at several distances from the detonator. Results show that the blast wave in the
near field is asymmetric and stronger along the axis of the detonator. Further, the near field
blast wave varies considerably between detonators of different shell material and thickness
while the pulse in the far field is similar. This indicates that the fine differences between
detonators cannot be captured by tests that consider the blast wave at a single point in the
far field.
Lastly, we study the complete configuration used to initiate explosives in mining
blastholes which involves a detonator and a booster. The reactive model is extended to
account for shock desensitization. The model is validated and a series of simulations of
the detonator and booster configuration, with and without desensitization, are performed.
These show that the influence of desensitization is significant and can lead to the formation of
dead zones in the explosive which have a critical impact on booster performance. Depending
on the material of the detonator shell, the initiation of the booster can result in only a small
non-reacted region or in an extensive desensitized zone which prevents the detonation of a
large portion of the explosive.EPSRC DTP studentship (ref. 1498435
Doctor of Philosophy
dissertationThe detonation of hundreds of explosive devices from either a transportation or storage accident is an extremely dangerous event. Motivation for this work came from a transportation accident where a truck carrying 16,000 kg of seismic boosters overturned, caught fire and detonated. The damage was catastrophic, creating a crater 24 m wide by 10 m deep in the middle of the highway. Our particular interest is understanding the fundamental physical mechanisms by which convective deflagration of cylindrical PBX-9501 devices can transition to a fully-developed detonation in transportation and storage accidents. Predictive computer simulations of large-scale deflagrations and detonations are dependent on the availability of robust reaction models embedded in a computational framework capable of running on massively parallel computer architectures. Our research group has been developing such models in the Uintah Computational Framework, which is capable of scaling up to 512 K cores. The current Deflagration to Detonation Transition (DDT) model merges a combustion model from Ward, Son, and Brewster that captures the effects of pressure and initial temperature on the burn rate, with a criteria model for burning in cracks of damaged explosives from Berghout et al., and a detonation model from Souers describing fully developed detonation. The prior extensive validation against experimental tests was extended to a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. We made changes to the reactant equation of state-enabling predictions of combustions, explosions, and detonations over a range of pressures spanning five orders of magnitude. A resolution dependence was eliminated from the reaction model facilitating large scale simulations to be run at a resolution of 2 mm without loss of fidelity. Adjustments were also made to slow down the flame propagation of conductive and convective deflagration. Large two- and three-dimensional simulations revealed two dominant mechanisms for the initiation of a DDT, inertial confinement and Impact to Detonation Transition. Understanding these mechanisms led to identifying ways to package and store explosive devices that reduced the probability of a detonation. We determined that the arrangement of the explosive cylinders and the number of devices packed in a box greatly affected the propensity to transition to a detonation
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A multi-physics methodology for the simulation of reactive flow and elastoplastic structural response
We propose a numerical methodology for the numerical simulation of distinct, interacting physical processes described by a combination of compressible, inert and reactive forms of the Euler equations, multiphase equations and elastoplastic equations. These systems of equations are usually solved by coupling finite element and CFD models. Here we solve them simultaneously, by recasting all the equations in the same, hyperbolic form and solving them on the same grid with the same finite-volume numerical schemes. The proposed compressible, multiphase, hydrodynamic formulation can employ a hierarchy of five reactive and non-reactive flow models, which allows simple to more involved applications to be directly described by the appropriate selection. The communication between the hydrodynamic and elastoplastic systems is facilitated by means of mixed-material Riemann solvers at the boundaries of the systems, which represent physical material boundaries. To this end we derive approximate mixed Riemann solvers for each pair of the above models based on characteristic equations. The components for reactive flow and elastoplastic solid modelling are validated separately before presenting validation for the full, coupled systems. Multi-dimensional use cases demonstrate the suitability of the reactive flow-solid interaction methodology in the context of impact-driven initiation of reactive flow and structural response due to violent reaction in automotive (e.g. car crash) or defence (e.g. explosive reactive armour) applications. Several types of explosives (C4, Detasheet, nitromethane, gaseous fuel) in gaseous, liquid and solid state are considered.This work was supported by Jaguar Land Rover and the UK-EPSRC grant EP/K014188/1 as part of the jointly funded Programme for Simulation Innovation
The 1999 Center for Simulation of Dynamic Response in Materials Annual Technical Report
Introduction:
This annual report describes research accomplishments for FY 99 of the Center
for Simulation of Dynamic Response of Materials. The Center is constructing a
virtual shock physics facility in which the full three dimensional response of a
variety of target materials can be computed for a wide range of compressive, ten-
sional, and shear loadings, including those produced by detonation of energetic
materials. The goals are to facilitate computation of a variety of experiments
in which strong shock and detonation waves are made to impinge on targets
consisting of various combinations of materials, compute the subsequent dy-
namic response of the target materials, and validate these computations against
experimental data
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The evolution of the temperature field during cavity collapse in liquid nitromethane. Part I: inert case
We study the effect of cavity collapse in non-ideal explosives as a means of
controlling their sensitivity. The aim is to understand the origin of localised
temperature peaks (hot spots) which play a key role at the early stages of
ignition. Thus we perform 2D and 3D numerical simulations of shock induced
gas-cavity collapse in nitromethane. Ignition is the result of a complex
interplay between fluid dynamics and exothermic chemical reaction. To
understand the relative contribution between these two processes we consider in
this first part of the work the evolution of the physical system in the absence
of chemical reactions. We employ a multi-phase mathematical formulation which
accounts for the large density difference across the gas-liquid interface
without generating spurious temperature peaks. The mathematical and physical
models are validated against experimental, analytic and numerical data.
Previous studies identified the impact of the upwind side of the cavity wall to
the downwind one as the main reason for the generation of a hot-spot outside of
the cavity; this is also observed in this work. However, it is apparent that
the topology of the temperature field is more complex than previously thought
and additional hot spots locations exist, arising from the generation of Mach
stems rather than jet impact. To explain the generation mechanisms and topology
of the hot spots we follow the complex wave patterns generated and identify the
temperature elevation or reduction generated by each wave. This allows to track
each hot spot back to its origins. We show that the highest hot spot
temperatures can be more than twice the post-incident shock temperature of the
neat material and can thus lead to ignition. By comparing the maximum
temperature observed in the domain in 2D and 3D simulations we show that 3D
calculations are necessary to avoid belated ignition times in reactive
scenarios
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The evolution of the temperature field during cavity collapse in liquid nitromethane. Part II: reactive case
We study effect of cavity collapse in non-ideal explosives as a means of
controlling their sensitivity. The main aim is to understand the origin of
localised temperature peaks (hot spots) that play a leading order role at early
ignition stages. Thus, we perform 2D and 3D numerical simulations of shock
induced single gas-cavity collapse in nitromethane. Ignition is the result of a
complex interplay between fluid dynamics and exothermic chemical reaction. In
part I of this work we focused on the hydrodynamic effects in the collapse
process by switching off the reaction terms in the mathematical model. Here, we
reinstate the reactive terms and study the collapse of the cavity in the
presence of chemical reactions. We use a multi-phase formulation which
overcomes current challenges of cavity collapse modelling in reactive media to
obtain oscillation-free temperature fields across material interfaces to allow
the use of a temperature-based reaction rate law. The mathematical and physical
models are validated against experimental and analytic data. We identify which
of the previously-determined (in part I of this work) high-temperature regions
lead to ignition and comment on their reactive strength and reaction growth
rate. We quantify the sensitisation of nitromethane by the collapse of the
cavity by comparing ignition times of neat and single-cavity material; the
ignition occurs in less than half the ignition time of the neat material. We
compare 2D and 3D simulations to examine the change in topology, temperature
and reactive strength of the hot spots by the third dimension. It is apparent
that belated ignition times can be avoided by the use of 3D simulations. The
effect of the chemical reactions on the topology and strength of the hot spots
in the timescales considered is studied by comparing inert and reactive
simulations and examine maximum temperature fields and their growth rates
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