4 research outputs found
A hierarchy of local TDGs
Many recent variants of Tree Adoining Grammars (TAG) allow an underspecifiaction of the parent relation between nodes in a tree, i.e. they do not deal with fully specified trees as it is the case with TAGs.Such TAG variants are for example Description Tree Grammars (DTG), Unordered Vector Grammars with Dominance Links (UVG-DL), a definition of TAGs via so-called quasi trees and Tree Description Grammars (TDG. The last TAg variant, local TDG, is an extension of TAG generating Tree Descriptions. Local TDGs even allow an underspecification of the dominance relation between node names and thereby provide the possibility to generate underspecified representations for structural ambiguities such as quantifier scope ambiguities. This abstract deals with formal properties of local TDGs. A hierarchiy of local TDGs is established together with a pumping lemma for local TDGs of a certain rank
Tree Description Grammars and Underspecified Representations
In this thesis, a new grammar formalism called (local) Tree Description Grammar (TDG) is presented that generates tree descriptions. This grammar formalism brings together some of the central ideas in the context of Tree Adjoining Grammars (TAG) on the one hand, and approaches to underspecified semantics for scope ambiguities on the other hand.
First a general definition of TDGs is presented, and afterwards a restricted variant called local TDGs is proposed. Since the elements of a local TDG are tree descriptions, an extended domain of locality as in TAGs is provided by this formalism. Consequently, local TDGs can be lexicalized, and local dependencies such as filler gap dependencies can be expressed in the descriptions occurring in the grammar.
The tree descriptions generated by local TDGs are such that the dominance relation (i.e. the reflexive and transitive closure of the parent relation) need not be fully specified. Therefore the generation of suitable underspecified representations for scope ambiguities is possible.
The generative capacity of local TDGs is greater than the one of TAGs. Local TDGs are even more powerful than set-local multicomponent TAGs (MC-TAG). However, the generative capacity of local TDGs is restricted in such a way that only semilinear languages are generated. Therefore these languages are of constant growth, a property generally ascribed to natural languages.
Local TDGs of different rank can be distinguished depending on the form of derivation steps that are possible in these grammars. This leads to a hierarchy of local TDGs. For the string languages generated by local TDGs of a certain rank, a pumping lemma is proven that allows to show that local TDGs of rank n can generate a language Li := {a1k···a1k|k ℠0} iff i †2n holds.
In order to describe the relation between two languages, synchronous local TDGs are introduced. The synchronization with a second local TDG does not increase the generative power of the grammar in the sense that each language generated by a local TDG that is part of a synchronous pair of local TDGs, also can be generated by a single local TDG.
This formalism of synchronous local TDGs is used to describe a syntax-semantics interface for a fragment of French which illustrates the derivation of underspecified representations for scope ambiguities with local TDGs
Tree description grammars and underspecified representations
In dieser Dissertation wird ein neuer Grammatikformalismus zur
Erzeugung von Baumbeschreibungen entwickelt, sogenannte (lokale) Tree
Description Grammars (TDG). TDGs verbinden einige der zentrale Ideen
im Zusammenhang mit Tree Adjoining Grammars (TAG) mit AnsÀtzen zur
unterspezifizierten Semantik, speziell der Behandlung von
SkopusambiguitÀten.
ZunÀchst werden allgemeine TDGs definiert, und dann wird eine
eingeschrĂ€nkte Variante, lokale TDGs eingefĂŒhrt. Da die Elemente der
Grammatik Baumbeschreibungen sind, erlaubt der Formalismus, genau wie
TAG, gröĂere lokale Bereiche. In den von (lokalen) TDGs generierten
Baumbeschreibungen muss die Dominanz zwischen den Knoten (reflexive
transitive HĂŒlle der Mutter-Tochter Beziehung) nicht vollstĂ€ndig
beschrieben sein. Dies ermöglicht die Ableitung geeigneter
unterspezifizierte ReprĂ€sentationen fĂŒr SkopusambiguitĂ€ten.
Lokale TDGs sind mÀchtiger als TAGs, sogar mÀchtiger als mengen-lokale
Multicomponent TAGs. Allerdings erzeugen lokale TDGs nur semilineare
Sprachen, also Sprachen mit konstantem Kettenwachstum, eine
Eigenschaft, die fĂŒr natĂŒrliche Sprachen i.a. angenommen
wird. AbhÀngig von der Form der möglichen Ableitungsschritte werden
lokale TDGs verschiedenen Rangs unterschieden. Es ergibt sich eine
Hierarchie, fĂŒr deren einzelne Klassen ein Iterationslemma gezeigt
wird.
Um die Beziehung zwischen zwei Sprachen zu beschreiben, werden
synchrone lokale TDGs eingefĂŒhrt. Die Synchronisation mit einer
zweiten lokalen TDG beeinflusst nicht die AusdrucksstÀrke der
Grammatik. Als Anwendungsbeispiel werden synchrone lokale TDGs zur
Beschreibung einer Syntax-Semantik Schnittstelle fĂŒr ein Fragment des
Französischen eingesetzt. An diesem Beispiel wird die Ableitung von
unterspezifizierten ReprĂ€sentationen fĂŒr SkopusambiguitĂ€ten
illustriert. Es zeigt sich, dass sich in dieser Architektur
InselbeschrĂ€nkungen fĂŒr Quantorenskopus als natĂŒrliche Folge der
LokalitÀt der Grammatiken ergebenIn this thesis, a new grammar formalism called (local) Tree
Description Grammar (TDG) is presented that generates tree
descriptions. This formalism brings together some of the central ideas
in the context of Tree Adjoining Grammars (TAG) on the one hand, and
approaches to underspecified semantics for scope ambiguities on the
other hand.
First a general definition of TDGs is presented, and then a restricted
variant called local TDGs is proposed. Since the elements of local
TDGs are tree descriptions, an extended domain of locality as in TAGs
is provided by this formalism. The tree descriptions generated by
local TDGs are such that the dominance relation between nodes
(reflexive transitive closure of the parent relation) need not be
fully specified. This allows the generation of suitable underspecified
representations for scope ambiguities.
Local TDGs are more powerful than TAGs and even more powerful than
set-local multicomponent TAGs. However, local TDGs generate only
semilinear languages, i.e. languages of constant growth, a property
generally ascribed to natural languages. Local TDGs of different rank
can be distinguished depending on the derivation steps possible in
these grammars. This leads to a hierarchy of local TDGs. For the
classes of this hierarchy, a pumping lemma is proven.
In order to describe the relation between two languages, synchronous
local TDGs are introduced. The synchronization with a second local TDG
does not increase the generative power of the grammar, i.e. a
language generated by a local TDG that is part of a synchronous pair
of local TDGs, also can be generated by a single local TDG. This
formalism of synchronous local TDGs is used to describe a
syntax-semantics interface for a fragment of French which illustrates
the derivation of underspecified representations for scope
ambiguities. In this framework, island constraints for quantifier
scope ambiguities arise as a natural consequence of the localit