A Data Fusion System to Study Synchronization in Social Activities

As the world population gets older, the healthcare system must be adapted, among others by providing continuous health monitoring at home and in the city. The social activities have a significant role in everyone health status. Hence, this paper proposes a system to perform a data fusion of signals sampled on several subjects during social activities. This study implies the time synchronization of data coming from several sensors whether these are embedded on people or integrated in the environment. The data fusion is applied to several experiments including physical, cognitive and rest activities, with social aspects. The simultaneous and continuous analysis of four subjects cardiac activity and GPS coordinates provides a new way to distinguish different collaborative activities comparing the measurements between the subjects and along time.Comment: Healthcom 201

노인에서 스마트폰 사용과 노쇠의 연관성 및 관련요인

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :보건대학원 보건학과(보건학전공),2019. 8. 조성일.Introduction: With worldwide aging, there are many ongoing studies to further identify the risk factors and ways to prevent age-related conditions. The most actively studied areas include frailty in the elderly. Rapid development and increasing use of smartphones have come to play an important role in health industries. Despite the increasing importance of smartphone use for sustaining healthy life, no large study has reported the characteristics of elderly smartphone users. Our hypothesis is that the ownership of a smartphone is inversely associated with frailty because smartphone owners can benefit from various health applications to manage their health, and the use of smartphone itself can be a good cognitive exercise that can help prevent frailty. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe the various sociodemographic and medical characteristics of the elderly smartphone users and non-users, and to identify the association between the use of smartphones and frailty. The obtained information may be helpful to screening frailty in small clinics. Methods: We used the baseline data of the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study which is a nationwide cohort study conducted to identify and prevent the factors contributing to aging and frailty. The data of a total of 2935 participants were analyzed for various demographic, socioeconomic, cognitive, and functional characteristics as well as frailty. Frailty was defined using Fried frailty index. The characteristics of the participants were described in terms of smartphone ownership, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between the use of smartphones and frailty. Results: Out of 2935 participants aged between 70 and 84, 1404 (47.8%) participants were using smartphones, and 1531 (52.2%) participants were using cellphones other than smartphones or did not own a cellphone. The mean age of all participants was 76.0 years old. The smartphone users were more likely to be male (53.3%), with higher educational and economic background compared to non-users. They were also more likely to be in a marital relationship and not living alone, but received less social support, and exhibited poorer daily functional abilities. However, they exhibited higher cognitive capabilities, and more importantly, less frail in all aspects of frailty criteria compared to smartphone non-users. The odds ratio of the association between smartphone ownership and frailty was 0.47, 95% confidence interval 039-055, after adjusting for various related factors. Conclusion: Ownership of a smartphone is a result of multifactorial circumstances and conditions as is frailty. Smartphone non-users in this study were more frail than smartphone users, and exhibited poorer cognitive abilities while maintaining better daily functional abilities and social interaction. Therefore, it is our conclusion that the ownership of a smartphone in older adults represents many background factors that are often linked to frailty in an inverse manner, and a simple question or identification of ones type of phone may be used in conjunction with other methods to screen frailty in older adults.배경 및 목적 : 전 세계적으로 고령화가 진행됨에 따라 만성질환을 예방할 수 있는 위험요소와 방법을 파악하고자 하는 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 노쇠는 가장 활발하게 연구되고 있는 분야 중 하나이다. 노쇠 연구와 동시에 지난 수년간 스마트폰은 빠른 발전과 성장을 보여 이제 건강 사업에 중요한 역할을 하게 되었다. 건강한 삶의 영위에 스마트폰 사용의 중요성이 증가하고 있음에도 불구하고 노인 스마트폰 사용자들의 특성에 관한 대규모 연구는 미미하다. 본 연구의 가설은 스마트폰 소유자들은 건강을 관리하기 위해 다양한 스마트폰 애플리케이션을 사용할 수 있으며 스마트폰의 사용 자체가 좋은 인지기능 발달운동이 되기 때문에 스마트폰 소유자들에게 노쇠가 덜 존재할 것이라는 것이다. 따라서, 본 연구를 통해 노인 스마트폰 사용자 및 비사용자의 다양한 사회인구학적 및 의학적 특성을 기술하고, 스마트폰 사용과 노쇠의 연관성을 확인하고자 한다. 이를 통해 얻은 정보는 소규모 의료시설에서 노쇠를 선별하는데 큰 도움이 될 것이다. 방법 : 본 연구는 한국노인노쇠코호트사업(KFACS)의 자료를 1차 자료를 사용하여 진행되었다. KFACS는 노화 및 노쇠와 관련한 인자들을 찾아내고 이를 예방하고자 진행되고 있는 한국의 국가기반 코호트 연구이다. 만 70세에서 84세의 총 2935명 참가자의 데이터를 사용하여 다양한 인구학적, 사회경제적, 인지적 및 기능적 특성과 관련된 분석을 진행하였으며 노쇠와의 관련성 또한 분석하였다. 노쇠는 Fried 노쇠지수를 사용하여 정의하였다. 참가자들의 특성을 스마트폰 소유 유무에 따라 기술하였으며 로지스틱 다중회귀분석을 수행하여 스마트폰 사용과 노쇠의 연관성을 평가하였다. 결과 : 총 2935명의 참가자 중 1404명(47.8%)이 스마트폰을 사용하였으며 1531명(52.2%)는 스마트폰이 아닌 핸드폰을 사용하거나 핸드폰을 가지고 있지 않았다. 참가자들의 평균 연령은 76.0세였다. 스마트폰 사용자들은 남성이 더 많았으며 (53.3%), 비사용자들에 비해 교육 및 경제적 수준이 높았다. 사용자들은 또한 결혼상태인 비율이 높고 독거의 비율이 낮았으나 사회적 상호관계가 적었고 더 낮은 일상적 능력을 보여주었다. 이에 반해 인지기능은 더 뛰어났으며, 특히 노쇠기준의 5가지 항목 모두에서 비사용자들보다 뛰어난 상태를 보였다. 스마트폰 사용과 노쇠의 연관성의 교차비는 다양한 관련 요소를 보정한 후 0.47이었으며 95% 신뢰구간은 0.39~0.55였다. 결론 : 스마트폰의 소유는 노쇠와 마찬가지로 여러가지 요소가 상호작용한 결과물이다. 본 연구에서는 스마트폰 비사용자들이 스마트폰 사용자들보다 더 뛰어난 일상적 능력과 사회적 상호관계를 보여주었으나 인지기능이 더 부족하였으며 더 높은 노쇠의 비율을 나타내었다. 따라서, 고령자의 스마트폰 소유는 종종 노쇠와 역상관관계를 나타내는 여러가지 인자를 대변한다고 볼 수 있으며, 어떤 타입의 핸드폰을 사용하고 있는지에 대한 간단히 질문이 다른 노쇠 관련 선별검사와 함께 작은 의료기관에서 노쇠를 선별하기 위한 좋은 방법이 될 수 있겠다.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Aging society and frailty 1 1.2. Adoption of smartphones 1 1.2.1. mHealth 1 1.2.2. Characteristics of elderly smartphone adopters 2 1.3. Frailty and smartphones 3 1.4. Objective 4 Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 6 2.1. Study Design and Population 6 2.2. Definition of Frailty 6 2.3. Other covariates of interest 7 2.4. Statistical Methods 9 Chapter 3. Results 10 3.1. General characteristics of the participants 10 3.2. Distribution of smartphone use and prevalence of frailty 15 3.3. Social, functional, and cognitive assessments 21 3.4. Association between smartphone use and frailty 26 Chapter 4. Discussion 32 4.1. Characteristics of elderly smartphone users and non-users 32 4.2. Digital frailty 36 4.3. Strengths and limitations 38 Chapter 5. Conclusion 41 References 42 Abstract in Korean 46Maste

Non-intrusive load monitoring techniques for activity of daily living recognition

Esta tesis nace con la motivación de afrontar dos grandes problemas de nuestra era: la falta de recursos energéticos y el envejecimiento de la población. Respecto al primer problema, nace en la primera década de este siglo el concepto de Smart Grids con el objetivo de alcanzar la eficiencia energética. Numerosos países comienzan a realizar despliegues masivos de contadores inteligentes ("Smart Meters"), lo que despierta el interés de investigadores que comienzan a desarrollar nuevas técnicas para predecir la demanda. Así, los sistemas NILM (Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring) tratan de predecir el consumo individual de los dispositivos conectados a partir de un único sensor: el contador inteligente. Por otra parte, los grandes avances en la medicina moderna han permitido que nuestra esperanza de vida aumente considerablemente. No obstante, esta longevidad, junto con la baja fertilidad en los países desarrollados, tiene un efecto secundario: el envejecimiento de la población. Unos de los grandes avances es la incorporación de la tecnología en la vida cotidiana, lo que ayuda a los más mayores a llevar una vida independiente. El despliegue de una red de sensores dentro de la vivienda permite su monitorización y asistencia en las tareas cotidianas. Sin embargo, son intrusivos, no escalables y, en algunas ocasiones, de alto coste, por lo que no están preparados para hacer frente al incremento de la demanda de esta comunidad. Esta tesis doctoral nace de la motivación de afrontar estos problemas y tiene dos objetivos principales: lograr un modelo de monitorización sostenible para personas mayores y, a su vez, dar un valor añadido a los sistemas NILM que despierte el interés del usuario final. Con este objetivo, se presentan nuevas técnicas de monitorización basadas en NILM, aunando lo mejor de ambos campos. Esto supone un ahorro considerable de recursos en la monitorización, ya que únicamente se necesita un sensor: el contador inteligente; lo cual da escalabilidad a estos sistemas. Las contribuciones de esta tesis se dividen en dos bloques principales. En el primero se proponen nuevas técnicas NILM optimizadas para la detección de la actividad humana. Así, se desarrolla una propuesta basada en detección de eventos (conexiones de dispositivos) en tiempo real y su clasificación a un dispositivo. Con el objetivo de que pueda integrarse en contadores inteligentes. Cabe destacar que el clasificador se basa en modelos generalizados de dispositivos y no necesita conocimiento específico de la vivienda. El segundo bloque presenta tres nuevas técnicas de monitorización de personas mayores basadas en NILM. El objetivo es proporcionar una monitorización básica pero eficiente y altamente escalable, ahorrando en recursos. Los procesos Cox, log Gaussian Cox Processes (LGCP), monitorizan un único dispositivo si la rutina está estrechamente ligada a este. Así, se propone un sistema de alarmas si se detectan cambios en el comportamiento. LGCP tiene la ventaja de poder modelar periodicidades e incertidumbres propias del comportamiento humano. Cuando la rutina no depende de un único dispositivo, se proponen dos técnicas: una basada en gaussianas mixtas, Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM); y la otra basada en la Teoría de la Evidencia de Dempster-Shafer (DST). Ambas monitorizan y detectan deterioros en la actividad, causados por enfermedades como la demencia y el alzhéimer. Únicamente DST usa incertidumbres que simulan mejor el comportamiento humano y, por tanto, permite alarmas en caso de un repentino desvío. Finalmente, todas las propuestas han sido validadas mediante la evaluación de métricas y la obtención de resultados experimentales. Para ello, se han usado medidas de escenarios reales que han sido recopiladas en bases de datos. Los resultados obtenidos han sido satisfactorios, demostrando que este tipo de monitorización es posible y muy beneficioso para nuestra sociedad. Además, se ha dado a lugar nuevas propuestas que serán desarrolladas en el futuro. Códigos UNESCO: 120320 - sistemas de control medico, 332201 – distribución de la energía, 120701 – análisis de actividades, 120304 – inteligencia artificial, 120807 – plausibilidad, 221402 – patrones

Wireless Sensor Networks in Support of E-Health Applications

Nowadays, with the smart device developing and life quality improving, people’s requirement of real-time, fast, accurate and smart health service has been increased. As the technology advances, E-Health Care concept has been emerging in the last decades and received extensive attention. With the help of Internet and computing technologies, a lot of E-Health Systems have been proposed that change traditional medical treatment mode to remote or online medical treatment. Furthermore, due to the rapidly development of Internet and wireless network in recent years, many enhanced E-Health Systems based on Wireless Sensor Network have been proposed that open a new research field. This research work has reviewed the E-Health Care System development and limitations in recent years and proposes a novel E-Health System based on Wireless Sensor Network by taking the advantage of the latest technologies. The proposed E-Health System is a wireless and portable system, which consists of the Wireless E-Health Gateway and Wireless E-Health Sensor Nodes. The system has been further enhanced by Smart Technology that combined the advantages of the smart phone. The proposed system has change the mechanisms of traditional medical care and provide real-time, portable, accurate and flexible medical care services to users. With the E-Health System wieldy deployed, it requires powerful computing center to deal with the mass health record data. Cloud technology as an emerging technology has applied in the proposed system. This research has used Amazon Web Services (AWS) – Cloud Computing Services to develop a powerful, scalable and fast connection web service for proposed E-Health Management System. The security issue is a common problem in the wireless network, and it is more important for E-Health System as the personal health data is private and should be safely transferred and storage. Hence, this research work also focused on the cryptographic algorithm to reinforce the security of E-Health System. Due to the limitations of embedded system resources, such as: lower computing, smaller battery, and less memory, which cannot support modem advance encryption standard. In this research, Rivest Cipher Version 5 (RC5) as the simple, security and software or hardware deployable encryption algorithm has been in-depth studied. As the Logistic map has good cryptographic algorithm properties, like unpredictable, random, and sensitive to the initial parameters it has been investigated. In this thesis, an enhanced RC5 cryptographic algorithm has been proposed that uses 1-D Logistic mapping in the random sub-key generation during each encryption round, which increases the unpredictability significantly. In addition, an effective cipher feedback model has been combined to further increase the cipher security. After in-depth research of the 1-D Logistic map, a 2-D Logistic map has been proposed that provides more complex chaotic behaviors than the 1-D Logistic map and further improves the security. Another novel RC5 cryptographic algorithm with 2-D Logistic map has been proposed in this thesis. The proposed algorithm uses a 2-D Logistic map to generate the sub-key and modified RC5 operations to encrypt data. Appropriate experiments have been carried out to evaluate the performance. The results show the proposed algorithms are better than standard RC5 or other modified RC5. The contributions and innovation of this research project are summarized: • Build up a Wireless E-Health Care System based on Wireless Sensor Network. • Create the Cloud Management System for E-Health Care System. • Proposed RC5 cryptographic algorithms based on Logistic Map to increase the randomness and security of cipher data