The Today Tendency of Sentiment Classification

Sentiment classification has already been studied for many years because it has had many crucial contributions to many different fields in everyday life, such as in political activities, commodity production, and commercial activities. There have been many kinds of the sentiment analysis such as machine learning approaches, lexicon-based approaches, etc., for many years. The today tendency of the sentiment classification is as follows: (1) Processing many big data sets with shortening execution times (2) Having a high accuracy (3) Integrating flexibly and easily into many small machines or many different approaches. We will present each category in more details

Latent Semantic Analysis using a Dennis Coefficient for English Sentiment Classification in a Parallel System

We have already survey many significant approaches for many years because there are many crucial contributions of the sentiment classification which can be applied in everyday life, such as in political activities, commodity production, and commercial activities. We have proposed a novel model using a Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) and a Dennis Coefficient (DNC) for big data sentiment classification in English. Many LSA vectors (LSAV) have successfully been reformed by using the DNC. We use the DNC and the LSAVs to classify 11,000,000 documents of our testing data set to 5,000,000 documents of our training data set in English. This novel model uses many sentiment lexicons of our basis English sentiment dictionary (bESD). We have tested the proposed model in both a sequential environment and a distributed network system. The results of the sequential system are not as good as that of the parallel environment. We have achieved 88.76% accuracy of the testing data set, and this is better than the accuracies of many previous models of the semantic analysis. Besides, we have also compared the novel model with the previous models, and the experiments and the results of our proposed model are better than that of the previous model. Many different fields can widely use the results of the novel model in many commercial applications and surveys of the sentiment classification

Language Ideologies of Multilingual Learners in an Intensive English Program

Despite some rises and falls in the numbers due to various reasons, including the political climate in the Trump era and the COVID-19 pandemic (Laws & Ammigan, 2020), each year universities in the United States host a large number of multilingual international students from different parts of the world. Based on their TOEFL scores, many are required to enroll in an accelerated course of study in academic English, commonly known as the Intensive English Program (IEP) before they can begin their mainstream academic programs. Where there is language, there are language ideologies. Yet, often in monolingual, English-only classrooms, little is known by the instructors and, at times, by the learners themselves, about their linguistic and cultural repertoire and its potential influence on their language learning. This multilayered qualitative analysis explores the language ideologies and conceptualizations of multilingual learners in an IEP. The themes that emerged from the data include ideologies about multilingualism and English, language teaching and learning, raciolinguistic experiences, and the participants’ practice and ideologies pertaining to translanguaging. A critical metaphor analysis was also conducted to explore the participants’ subconscious conceptualizations about language. This analysis reveals the differences in the participants’ conceptualizations of their mother tongues and English. The study highlights the ways in which the language ideologies of multilingual learners in the IEP influence their acquisition of English and offers an insight into how they use their multilingual repertoire to learn English. The work concludes with practical implications for supporting multilingual learners in IEPs. Advisor: Theresa Catalan

Multilingual Life Writing by French and Francophone Women

This volumeexamines the ways in which multilingual women authors incorporate several languages into their life writing. It compares the work of six contemporary authors who write predominantly in French. It analyses the narrative strategies they develop to incorporate more than one language into their life writing: French and English, French and Creole, or French and German, for example. The book demonstrates how women writers transform languages to invent new linguistic formations and how they create new formulations of subjectivity within their self-narrative. It intervenes in current debates over global literature, national literatures and translingual and transnational writing, which constitute major areas of research in literary and cultural studies. It also contributes to debates in linguistics through its theoretical framework of translanguaging. It argues that multilingual authors create new paradigms for life writing and that they question our understanding of categories such as "French literature"

Proceedings of the VIIth GSCP International Conference

The 7th International Conference of the Gruppo di Studi sulla Comunicazione Parlata, dedicated to the memory of Claire Blanche-Benveniste, chose as its main theme Speech and Corpora. The wide international origin of the 235 authors from 21 countries and 95 institutions led to papers on many different languages. The 89 papers of this volume reflect the themes of the conference: spoken corpora compilation and annotation, with the technological connected fields; the relation between prosody and pragmatics; speech pathologies; and different papers on phonetics, speech and linguistic analysis, pragmatics and sociolinguistics. Many papers are also dedicated to speech and second language studies. The online publication with FUP allows direct access to sound and video linked to papers (when downloaded)

Minorities and the construction of a nation in post-socialist Laos

In the Introduction [Chapter 1] I first introduce the concept of 'nation' by stressing its 'fuzziness', and by reviewing Western and non-western interpretations of its definition. I then briefly review some pertinent events in Laos' recent history. I next explain the reasons for my choice of a certain terminology. In a third section, I introduce and justify my methodology.In Chapter Two, I introduce and discuss the theoretical framework and studies on Lao nationalism. I first look at the theories of nationalism put forward by Gellner, Anderson and Smith, three of the most influential thinkers on the subject, and note the limits of their theories with respect to my study. I then extend my discussion to theories of nationalism and ethnicity, and I argue that these propose a framework that is too constrained to explain the complexity of my research. I therefore suggest some other conceptual notions that may encompass the multiple outcomes of my study. Finally, I discuss studies that have dealt with the concepts of nation, nationalism and ethnicity in modern Laos, and show how my work may contribute to the fostering of research in this field. In Chapter Three, I review the historical relationships between the non-ethnic Lao people and the political authorities from the pre-modern period up to the proclamation of the Lao PDR in 1975. I focus in particular on three historical periods: pre-modern Laos (until the French colonisation), French rule (1893-1954) and the French and American Wars (1945-1974). Each period corresponds with a specific pattern of relationships between the non-ethnic Lao people and the political authority. Above all, I insist that the French and American Wars changed the role of the non-ethnic Lao populations socially, politically and historically. From the periphery where they were symbolically and administratively confined, the participation of some of their members in the wars exposed these individuals to socialisation and politicisation processes. From that point onwards, the nationalist discourse would have to include multi-ethnicity in its rhetoric. In Chapter Four, I analyse ethnic classifications in contemporary Laos, with a brief review of previous policies. I first look at the ideologies that have influenced the Lao ethnic classification, namely, those of the former Soviet Union, China and Vietnam. Through an analysis of the construction of the latest official census (August 2000), I suggest a close relationship between ethnic categorisation and the nationalist discourse. I conclude with a study of Kaysone Phomvihane's guidelines on the concept of the nation in Laos. In Chapter Five, I question the Majority's ethnicity. I first argue that the constitution of a national identity in post-socialist Laos is being conducted through a dual process of exclusion and inclusion, involving a politics of Minority/Majority representation and a dichotomy between Tradition and Modernity. I extend my discussion to the nationalist discourse's search for particularism, through a politics of cultural discipline and a new approach to the narrative of the national history. At the same time, I suggest that the new form of nation, more centred on a spiritual principle, i.e. Buddhism, also originates in popular will, namely, the ethnic Lao population's. In Chapter Six, I reverse the perspective and disclose the voices of those being represented. I focus my analysis on a few members of ethnic minorities who hold, or have held, a position of authority. More precisely, I analyse their interpretations of the past through their narratives. I point out their pattern, logic and coherence, but also their discontinuities, omissions and exaggerations. All these characteristics are constitutive of these individuals' identity. Experience, however, is never monolithic. Experience structures narratives, which, in turn, structure experience, while all interpretations and expressions are historically, politically and institutionally situated. I therefore show that narratives also can change under new historical and political conditions. In Chapter Seven, I reflect on the issues of ethnicity and identity. I first study the ambiguities of the ethnicities of the individuals discussed in Chapter Six, caught in between the official categorisation, the Majority's ethnicity and their own perception of their ethnic identity. I then analyse what I call the crisis of identity induced by social, economic, political and institutional changes during the post-socialist era. The social and political identity of these educated members of ethnic minority groups is being challenged. Finally, I conclude with a specific case of instrumentalist ethnicity, which might prefigure the awakening of new identities in post-socialist Laos

Multilingual Life Writing by French and Francophone Women

This volumeexamines the ways in which multilingual women authors incorporate several languages into their life writing. It compares the work of six contemporary authors who write predominantly in French. It analyses the narrative strategies they develop to incorporate more than one language into their life writing: French and English, French and Creole, or French and German, for example. The book demonstrates how women writers transform languages to invent new linguistic formations and how they create new formulations of subjectivity within their self-narrative. It intervenes in current debates over global literature, national literatures and translingual and transnational writing, which constitute major areas of research in literary and cultural studies. It also contributes to debates in linguistics through its theoretical framework of translanguaging. It argues that multilingual authors create new paradigms for life writing and that they question our understanding of categories such as "French literature"

American Myth and Ideologies of Straight White Masculinity in Men\u27s Literary Self-Representations

This study examines three autobiographical texts written in post-World War II America (1959-1973) that take as their subject a straight white man’s reflection on and engagement with the exercise of male power and the forces, both internal and external, that shape the degree to which he is “self-made,” i.e., an autonomous agent able to exert his will within a life domain (domestic, public, and war). Each of these writers engages in surveillance not solely of their own power, but also of the men who influence their experience, using their observations to critique, assert, and question the gendered realities and expectations that impact their perceptions of themselves and their experience. This dissertation considers each text through the lens of one national mythology—taking into account the impact of that strand of mythology on the performance of masculinity, including the entitlements these mythologies normalize and the deviancies (the Otherness) they contain and control. Finally, this analysis examines the intersection between genre and the representation of the self as a straight white man, identifying the ways in which genre interacts with and often magnifies the effects of each text