Routing and Medium Access Control (MAC) in wireless sensor network for monitoring emergency applications

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University LondonIn recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been implemented in many applications including emergency applications. Emergency applications require different characteristics than others, such as robust communication, low energy consumption and minimum end-to-end delay. Routing and Medium Access Control (MAC) are two protocols that have been used by many researchers to achieve those requirements. This thesis mainly focuses on studying distributive clustering routing and MAC protocol for emergency applications. To design robust communication in emergency applications, this thesis has proposed a modified LEACH protocol considering the health status of sensor nodes. LEACH is a benchmark protocol employing distributive clustering-based routing with low energy consumption, however this protocol is not suitable for emergency applications. The health status refers to the condition of nodes, safe or in danger, with the danger status shows the high probability to be destroyed sooner because of external factors such as fire. The proposed approach avoids selecting the nodes in danger as cluster heads. Furthermore, efficient multi-hop communication is employed to minimise energy consumption. The simulation result shows that total data received, energy consumption , packet delivery ratio, and energy efficiency of the proposed approach are stable with an increasing number of destroyed nodes. Furthermore, a grid-based clustering approach with health status is proposed to further enhance energy constraint and robust communication. The proposed approach includes distributive clustering and incorporate constant number of CHs in every round. The remaining energy, the health status of node, and the distance to the centre of the grid are consided when choosing the cluster head. Simulation results have revealed that the proposed protocol has a significant effect on the time for first node to destroy due to energy consumption, an increase of 45% compared to LEACH. Furthermore, packet delivery ratio of the proposed approach is enhanced by 16% compared to LEACH. In order to reduce end to end delay, a priority-based grid Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) has been proposed. In this approach, traffic is classified into two categories: emergency traffic from danger nodes, and monitoring traffic from safe nodes. This scheme was implemented using three steps: formation of a new TDMA frame, the arrangement of slots and priority allocation. Simulations results showed an improvement of around 65% and 70% in end to end delay compared to Grid and LEACH approaches.Directorate General of Resources for Science, Technology, and Higher Education of Indonesia; the University of Ria

Reconfiguration dynamique et simulation fine modélisée au niveau de transaction dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil hétérogènes matériellement-logiciellement

Cette thèse porte premièrement sur la reconfiguration dynamique et la simulation hétérogène dans les Réseaux des Capteurs sans Fil. Ces réseaux sont constitués d une multitude de systèmes électroniques communicants par radio-fréquence, très contraints en énergie. La partie de communication radio entre ces nœuds est la plus consommatrice. C est pourquoi la minimisation du temps effectif est désirée. On a implémenté une solution qui consiste à envoyer au nœud un fichier de reconfiguration codé utilisant un langage de programmation haut niveau (MinTax). Le nœud sera capable de compiler ce fichier et générer le code object associé à son architecture, in-situ. Grâce au caractère abstrait du MinTax, plusieurs architectures matérielles et systèmes d exploitation sont visés. Dans un deuxième temps, ce travail de thèse est lié au simulateur de réseaux de capteurs IDEA1TLM.IDEA1TLM permet de prédire quels circuits et configurations sont les plus adéquats à une application sans fil donnée. Ce simulateur a été amélioré pour permettre la simulation rapide des systèmes électroniques matériellement différents dans le même réseau ainsi que le logiciel présent sur les noeuds. Mots clés : Reconfiguration dynamique, Compilation in-situ, MinTax, Hétérogénéité, IDEA1TLM.This PhD thesis concerns the dynamic reconfiguration and simulation of heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. These networks consist of a multitude of electronic units called ?nodes ?, which communicate through a radio interface. The radio interface is the most power-consuming on the node. This is why the minimisation of the radio-time would lead to improved energy efficiency. We have implemented a software solution which consists in sending an update to a node which is coded in a high-level language (MinTax). This file is compiled by the node and machine code is generated for the target hardware architecture. Owing to the abstract nature of MinTax, multiple hardware architectures. as well as operating systems are supported. As a second part of this PhD, work has been focused on a network simulator called IDEATLM.IDEA1TLM allows us to predict which circuits and configurations are the most appropriate for a given task. This solution has been improved to allow a faster simulation of electronic systems which are different from a hardware standpoint, yet part of the same network, as well as to model the actual software running on them.LYON-Ecole Centrale (690812301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Aerial Network Assistance Systems for Post-Disaster Scenarios : Topology Monitoring and Communication Support in Infrastructure-Independent Networks

Communication anytime and anywhere is necessary for our modern society to function. However, the critical network infrastructure quickly fails in the face of a disaster and leaves the affected population without means of communication. This lack can be overcome by smartphone-based emergency communication systems, based on infrastructure-independent networks like Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTNs). DTNs, however, suffer from short device-to-device link distances and, thus, require multi-hop routing or data ferries between disjunct parts of the network. In disaster scenarios, this fragmentation is particularly severe because of the highly clustered human mobility behavior. Nevertheless, aerial communication support systems can connect local network clusters by utilizing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as data ferries. To facilitate situation-aware and adaptive communication support, knowledge of the network topology, the identification of missing communication links, and the constant reassessment of dynamic disasters are required. These requirements are usually neglected, despite existing approaches to aerial monitoring systems capable of detecting devices and networks. In this dissertation, we, therefore, facilitate the coexistence of aerial topology monitoring and communications support mechanisms in an autonomous Aerial Network Assistance System for infrastructure-independent networks as our first contribution. To enable system adaptations to unknown and dynamic disaster situations, our second contribution addresses the collection, processing, and utilization of topology information. For one thing, we introduce cooperative monitoring approaches to include the DTN in the monitoring process. Furthermore, we apply novel approaches for data aggregation and network cluster estimation to facilitate the continuous assessment of topology information and an appropriate system adaptation. Based on this, we introduce an adaptive topology-aware routing approach to reroute UAVs and increase the coverage of disconnected nodes outside clusters. We generalize our contributions by integrating them into a simulation framework, creating an evaluation platform for autonomous aerial systems as our third contribution. We further increase the expressiveness of our aerial system evaluation, by adding movement models for multicopter aircraft combined with power consumption models based on real-world measurements. Additionally, we improve the disaster simulation by generalizing civilian disaster mobility based on a real-world field test. With a prototypical system implementation, we extensively evaluate our contributions and show the significant benefits of cooperative monitoring and topology-aware routing, respectively. We highlight the importance of continuous and integrated topology monitoring for aerial communications support and demonstrate its necessity for an adaptive and long-term disaster deployment. In conclusion, the contributions of this dissertation enable the usage of autonomous Aerial Network Assistance Systems and their adaptability in dynamic disaster scenarios

Technologies and Applications for Big Data Value

This open access book explores cutting-edge solutions and best practices for big data and data-driven AI applications for the data-driven economy. It provides the reader with a basis for understanding how technical issues can be overcome to offer real-world solutions to major industrial areas. The book starts with an introductory chapter that provides an overview of the book by positioning the following chapters in terms of their contributions to technology frameworks which are key elements of the Big Data Value Public-Private Partnership and the upcoming Partnership on AI, Data and Robotics. The remainder of the book is then arranged in two parts. The first part “Technologies and Methods” contains horizontal contributions of technologies and methods that enable data value chains to be applied in any sector. The second part “Processes and Applications” details experience reports and lessons from using big data and data-driven approaches in processes and applications. Its chapters are co-authored with industry experts and cover domains including health, law, finance, retail, manufacturing, mobility, and smart cities. Contributions emanate from the Big Data Value Public-Private Partnership and the Big Data Value Association, which have acted as the European data community's nucleus to bring together businesses with leading researchers to harness the value of data to benefit society, business, science, and industry. The book is of interest to two primary audiences, first, undergraduate and postgraduate students and researchers in various fields, including big data, data science, data engineering, and machine learning and AI. Second, practitioners and industry experts engaged in data-driven systems, software design and deployment projects who are interested in employing these advanced methods to address real-world problems

Technologies and Applications for Big Data Value

This open access book explores cutting-edge solutions and best practices for big data and data-driven AI applications for the data-driven economy. It provides the reader with a basis for understanding how technical issues can be overcome to offer real-world solutions to major industrial areas. The book starts with an introductory chapter that provides an overview of the book by positioning the following chapters in terms of their contributions to technology frameworks which are key elements of the Big Data Value Public-Private Partnership and the upcoming Partnership on AI, Data and Robotics. The remainder of the book is then arranged in two parts. The first part “Technologies and Methods” contains horizontal contributions of technologies and methods that enable data value chains to be applied in any sector. The second part “Processes and Applications” details experience reports and lessons from using big data and data-driven approaches in processes and applications. Its chapters are co-authored with industry experts and cover domains including health, law, finance, retail, manufacturing, mobility, and smart cities. Contributions emanate from the Big Data Value Public-Private Partnership and the Big Data Value Association, which have acted as the European data community's nucleus to bring together businesses with leading researchers to harness the value of data to benefit society, business, science, and industry. The book is of interest to two primary audiences, first, undergraduate and postgraduate students and researchers in various fields, including big data, data science, data engineering, and machine learning and AI. Second, practitioners and industry experts engaged in data-driven systems, software design and deployment projects who are interested in employing these advanced methods to address real-world problems

Highlights CNR 2009-2010

The 2009-2010 edition of CNR.it (the CNR Highlights) includes more than 200 scientific papers. Conceived and written in English to present to the international public the dynamic and multi-sided reality of the largest research organization in Italy, this review is a partial but significant collection of works carried out by CNR researchers and published on the main scientific journals. Articles have been selected on the basis of their impact factors among the 14.000 or so articles produced in the last two years, to present our best image to the world. The present one is only the second of the CNR Highlights, after a first one dedicated to the Italian public, but the series represent already a must for our researchers, to promote their works along best-practice lines followed in research organizations worldwide. In the present edition, with a more catchy new look, articles, images and scientific popularizations provide a broad outlook of the activities of CNR, reporting, side by side with research articles, about technology transfer and scientific support activities to national and local institutions. The 2009-2010 Highlights are divided into four sections, similarly to the previous edition. However, as the reader looks through the pages, the interdisciplinary nature of the works will not pass unnoticed, interdisciplinarity being the peculiar feature of CNR, an organization in which the different disciplines find a fertile breeding ground to communicate and share their different knowledge

Activity Report in “Highlights 2009/2010”

The 2009-2010 edition of CNR.it (the CNR Highlights) includes more than 200 scientific papers. Conceived and written in English to present to the international public the dynamic and multi-sided reality of the largest research organization in Italy, this review is a partial but significant collection of works carried out by CNR researchers and published on the main scientific journals. In the present edition, with a more catchy new look, articles, images and scientific popularizations provide a broad outlook of the activities of CNR, reporting, side by side with research articles, about technology transfer and scientific support activities to national and local institutions. The 2009-2010 Highlights are divided into four sections, similarly to the previous edition. However, as the reader looks through the pages, the interdisciplinary nature of the works will not pass unnoticed, interdisciplinarity being the peculiar feature of CNR, an organization in which the different disciplines find a fertile breeding ground to communicate and share their different knowledge