The effects of a sport drink containing carbohydrates and electrolytes with or without caffeine on 20km cycling time trial performance in men and women

Caffeine is a commonly used substance by athletes and has become more widespread since it\u27s legalization by the World Anti Doping Association (WADA) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Extensive research has been done on the effect of caffeine on exercise performance, however, most studies were done at low intensity, and none compared differences in performance between men and women. Thus, 18 university aged (9 men and 9 women) individuals were recruited to perform three 20km cycling time trials including a familiarization trial (FAM), a carbohydrate plus placebo condition (CHO+P) and carbohydrate plus caffeine (5mg/kg) condition (CHO+C). Time to complete the 20km distance was significantly decreased in the CHO+C trial compared to the CHO+P trial in both men and women. This was concomitant with an increase in post-exercise blood glucose levels in the CHO+C trial but not in the CHO+P trial. However, ratings of perceived exertion (RER), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), tympanic temperature and a novel measure of arousal (long term excitement, LTE) were not different between trials. It is concluded that caffeine can improve performance when combined carbohydrate over carbohydrate alone. Moreover, these performance improvements are not different between sexes. Of the subjective (RPE), physiological (HR, RER) and excitement (LTE) variables that were measured, it is unclear why caffeine had this effect. Nonetheless, these findings are intriguing, especially for those athletes looking to gain an advantage in activity that requires intense work over the span of 20-35min, as well as WADA in their decisions to examine the use of caffeine during competition. Caffeine is currently a legal ergogenic aid and these data add to the significant body of literature indicating its powerful ergogenic properties in many activities

Aerospace Medicine and Biology: A continuing supplement 180, May 1978

This special bibliography lists 201 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in April 1978

Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 382)

This bibliography lists 119 reports, articles, and other documents recently introduced into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information System. Subject coverage includes the following: aerospace medicine and physiology, life support systems and man/system technology, protective clothing, exobiology and extraterrestrial life, planetary biology, and flight crew behavior and performance

Aerospace Medicine and Biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 314)

This bibliography lists 139 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in August, 1988

Aerospace medicine and biology. A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 224

This bibliography lists 127 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in September 1981

Aerospace Medicine and Biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 117, July 1973

This special bibliography lists 353 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in July 1973

Aerospace Medicine and Biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 144

This bibliography lists 257 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in July 1975

Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 129, June 1974

This special bibliography lists 280 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in May 1974

Aerospace Medicine and Biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 192

This bibliography lists 247 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in March 1979