Security enhancement in passive optical networks through wavelength hopping and sequences cycling technique

Growth in the telecommunication industry continues to expand with requirements evolving around increased bandwidth and security. Advances in networking technologies have introduced low cost optical components that has made passive optical networks (PON) the choice for providing huge bandwidth to end users. PON are covered by established standards such as IEEE 802.3ah and ITU-T G.983.1/984.1, with star topology of broadcast and select (B&S) on shared fiber links that poses security vulnerability in terms of confidentiality and privacy;Research and reports in the literature focus around increasing cardinality via coding schemes that lack in addressing security, which was left for implementation in application layers via cryptography. This dissertation presents an approach on security in PON at the network level using slow wavelength hopping techniques and diffusion of data packets among dense wave division multiplex (DWDM). Orthogonal wavelength sequences are generated by mapping an ITU-T G694.1 based wavelength grid matrix and code matrices. The arrangement of wavelengths in the wavelength grid matrix, which can be changed frequently (i.e, hourly) serves as the first key of secure operation. Allocation of generated wavelength sequences distributed in multiple quantities to nodes based on their security level serve as second individual keys for the nodes. In addition, an improved level of security provided via the cycling order of those allocated wavelength sequences to nodes is the third key between the central office (CO) and a node. The proposed approach to PON security provides three new keys available outside the world of cryptography;Various coding techniques are used, and results show that even time spreading/wavelength hopping based on symmetric prime numbers provided the least wavelength sequences; however, it provided excellent correlation properties and level of security. A PON simulation model was implemented to investigate channel impairments in DWDM with 64 channels spaced at 25GHz carried over a 25 km ITU-T G.655 compliant shared fiber cable. Security performance evaluation included analytical studies in classical probabilities to capture the correct order of wavelength hopping sequence using exhaustive searching and reverse construction of matrices from monitored channels. Encouraging results obtained support the feasibility of this proposed technical approach for security

WDM and DWDM based RoF system in Fiber Optic Communication Systems: A review

The utilization of Fiber Optic (FO) in 5G communication systems has achieved several advantages such as increasing the capacity and the bit rate with a reduction in the total implementation cost. Radio over Fiber (RoF) systems could form the basis for 5G communication networks, due to several reasons related to its ability to provide the required bandwidth for the broadband data transmission to the end-users, other advantages are related with the lower loss in attenuation and higher immunity to RF (Radio Frequency) interference. Particularly, the utilization of Wavelength – Division - Multiplexing (WDM) and Dense - Wavelength - Division - Multiplexing (DWDM) techniques with the RoF system has gained all the attention of researchers in the last few years. As a result, this paper demonstrates a review of the proposed systems, schemes, and methods that contribute in enhancing the WDM and DWDM based RoF systems

Cost-effective Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure for Tanziania

The research conducted an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) field survey, the results revealed that Tanzania is still lagging behind in the ICT sector due to the lack of an internationally connected terrestrial ICT infrastructure; Internet connectivity to the rest of the world is via expensive satellite links, thus leaving the majority of the population unable to access the Internet services due to its high cost. Therefore, an ICT backbone infrastructure is designed that exploits optical DWDM network technology, which un-locks bandwidth bottlenecks and provides higher capacity which will provide ICT services such as Internet, voice, videos and other multimedia interactions at an affordable cost to the majority of the people who live in the urban and rural areas of Tanzania. The research analyses and compares the performance, and system impairments, in a DWDM system at data transmission rates of 2.5 Gb/s and 10 Gb/s per wavelength channel. The simulation results show that a data transmission rate of 2.5 Gb/s can be successfully transmitted over a greater distance than 10 Gb/s with minimum system impairments. Also operating at the lower data rate delivers a good system performance for the required ICT services. A forty-channel DWDM system will provide a bandwidth of 100 Gb/s. A cost analysis demonstrates the economic worth of incorporating existing optical fibre installations into an optical DWDM network for the creation of an affordable ICT backbone infrastructure; this approach is compared with building a completely new optical fibre DWDM network or a SONET/SDH network. The results show that the ICT backbone infrastructure built with existing SSMF DWDM network technology is a good investment, in terms of profitability, even if the Internet charges are reduced to half current rates. The case for building a completely new optical fibre DWDM network or a SONET/SDH network is difficult to justify using current financial data

The Design of FTTH Network

The aim of this thesis is to explain the problems of optical access networks with wavelength division multiplexers, main purpose is to demonstrate the difference between theoretical and real measurement. The work is divided into several thematic areas. The introduction outlines the basic of telecommunications, fiber optics lasers, single mode, multimode, lasers fibers cables & cores, splitters division multiplexing system, there are known solutions discussed fundamental wavelength multiplexes and their possible combinations. The following chapter deals with the active elements such as AON, PON, which are essential part xWDM systems such as optical lasers, detectors and amplifiers. Another chapter focuses on passive elements, which form a key part of the wavelength multiplex. Methods of measurement of WDM/PON networks are discussed in the following part. The next section describes the topology used active and passive optical networks. The penultimate part of the work consists of architecture & technology of xWDM such as GPON and WDM-PON networks and comparing their transmission parameters. The final part of the paper presents the results of practical experimental measurements of optical access networks with wavelengths division multiplex while these results are compared with the theoretical output & methods of Optical lost test, OTDR & LSPM, with advantage & disadvantage of every methods. The second part of practical is the draft to the connection resident housing units of 30 houses, boarding-house (10 rooms) and 2 shops, 20 km distant from exchange. With comparing the possibilities of two options- passive and active optical network- PON system – WDM- Wave multiplex. Suggest the possibility of measuring and monitoring the created network.The aim of this thesis is to explain the problems of optical access networks with wavelength division multiplexers, main purpose is to demonstrate the difference between theoretical and real measurement. The work is divided into several thematic areas. The introduction outlines the basic of telecommunications, fiber optics lasers, single mode, multimode, lasers fibers cables & cores, splitters division multiplexing system, there are known solutions discussed fundamental wavelength multiplexes and their possible combinations. The following chapter deals with the active elements such as AON, PON, which are essential part xWDM systems such as optical lasers, detectors and amplifiers. Another chapter focuses on passive elements, which form a key part of the wavelength multiplex. Methods of measurement of WDM/PON networks are discussed in the following part. The next section describes the topology used active and passive optical networks. The penultimate part of the work consists of architecture & technology of xWDM such as GPON and WDM-PON networks and comparing their transmission parameters. The final part of the paper presents the results of practical experimental measurements of optical access networks with wavelengths division multiplex while these results are compared with the theoretical output & methods of Optical lost test, OTDR & LSPM, with advantage & disadvantage of every methods. The second part of practical is the draft to the connection resident housing units of 30 houses, boarding-house (10 rooms) and 2 shops, 20 km distant from exchange. With comparing the possibilities of two options- passive and active optical network- PON system – WDM- Wave multiplex. Suggest the possibility of measuring and monitoring the created network.

Supporting Service Differentiation in Multi-domain Multilayer Optical Networks

Providing differentiated quality of service became more and more important. This is not only because some service requests a high quality and real time transportation, but also because other services such as the capacity greedy applications request a higher bandwidth. In the meantime, has been the hybrid architecture consists of IP/MPLS domain and ASON/GMPLS optical domain projected as the infrastructure of the future internet. This architecture supports the transportation of the in near future expected data traffic on the ASON/GMPLS over DWDM optical domain, whereas it supports all the IP based service applications using the IP/MPLS domain. However, supporting service differentiation in multi-domain multilayer optical networks require the invention on routing scheme that supports both routing policies, the Physical Topology First (PTF) and Virtual Topology First (VTP), which are used to accommodate traffic in multilayer networks. In this work we use a hierarchical routing algorithm to evaluate the service differentiation schemes that are known in the literature in an IP/MPLS over ASON/GMPLS multi-domain network scenario, these service differentiation schemes are the Routing Policy Differentiation (RPD), Virtual Topology Differentiation (VTD) and Virtual Topology Sharing (VTS).&nbsp