Detective Policing and the State in Nineteenth-century England: The Detective Department of the London Metropolitan Police, 1842-1878

This thesis evaluates the development of surveillance-based undercover policing in Victorian England through an examination of the first centralized police detective force in the country, the Detective Department of the London Metropolitan Police (1842-1878). It argues that the Detective Department overcame British fears that detective police were incompatible with individual liberty and parliamentary democracy, making the English detective a familiar and reliable public servant. The Detective Department, which worked from Scotland Yard, was formed in 1842 in response to criticism that the Metropolitan Police was unable to successfully investigate homicide. This was a surprising development in a country where property crime had always spurred developments in criminal justice. London’s newspapers played a key role in the creation of this detective force by creating a murder scare and demanding that the Metropolitan Police devote more specialized attention to complicated investigations, including homicide. The new detective force remained small to protect the police from accusations of spying. Since murders were infrequent, the new detectives devoted most of their attention to property crime, especially theft. During the 1860s and the economically depressed 1870s, detective priorities reflected a government crackdown on forgery and fraud, crimes that threatened the paper economy upon which Britain’s industrial and mercantile power rested. Detectives also regularly worked for the Home Office to help supplement limited investigative machinery in the counties. Scotland Yard detectives routinely travelled throughout England helping local magistrates investigate felonies ranging from homicide to arson. Scotland Yard’s close relationship with the Home Office was unique in England and resulted from London’s lack of municipal authority. For this reason, Metropolitan Police detectives often acted as agents of the British government, especially when they monitored foreign nationals and refugees that arrived in England following European revolutions in 1830 and 1848. Detectives’ non-felony work for the Home Office, which also included evaluating naturalization applications and performing extraditions, offers a new perspective on Victorian detectives and their cases that is neglected in current historiography

Путешествие

The textbook «Travelling» is the most complete specialized textbook for training specialists in English in the field of travelling. It is based on the most recent data on the main directions of the travelling industry development. The value and timeliness of this tutorial will help you on the one hand – to improve your English skills, and on the other – to make better your knowledge in your professional context. The structure of this textbook is that – four chapters: the cities of the world (English, American and others); travelling by railway, air and sea. In the book there are a lot of authentic texts in English, developed exercises, dialogues, charts, colour inserts. This tutorial allows you to learn the professional vocabulary quickly and easily and ameliorate your level of English.Даний підручник «Подорожі» є найповнішим спеціалізованим навчальним посібником із професійної підготовки фахівців з англійської мови у сфері подорожей. Він побудований на базі найсучасніших даних із основних напрямків розвитку туристичної галузі. У цьому полягає цінність і своєчасність даного навчального підручника, який допоможе, з одного боку, удосконалити знання англійської мови, а з іншого – поліпшити свої знання у професійній сфері. Структура даного підручника така – чотири розділі: великі і малі міста (прогулянка містом, історія міст, англійські міста, американські міста, міста світу); подорож залізницею, авіаподорож, морська подорож. У підручнику велика кількість автентичних текстів англійською мовою; розроблені вправи, діалоги, схеми, кольорові вкладиші. Даний підручник дозволяє швидко і легко засвоїти професійну лексику і підвищити свій рівень знання англійської мови

Maritime expressions:a corpus based exploration of maritime metaphors

This study uses a purpose-built corpus to explore the linguistic legacy of Britain’s maritime history found in the form of hundreds of specialised ‘Maritime Expressions’ (MEs), such as TAKEN ABACK, ANCHOR and ALOOF, that permeate modern English. Selecting just those expressions commencing with ’A’, it analyses 61 MEs in detail and describes the processes by which these technical expressions, from a highly specialised occupational discourse community, have made their way into modern English. The Maritime Text Corpus (MTC) comprises 8.8 million words, encompassing a range of text types and registers, selected to provide a cross-section of ‘maritime’ writing. It is analysed using WordSmith analytical software (Scott, 2010), with the 100 million-word British National Corpus (BNC) as a reference corpus. Using the MTC, a list of keywords of specific salience within the maritime discourse has been compiled and, using frequency data, concordances and collocations, these MEs are described in detail and their use and form in the MTC and the BNC is compared. The study examines the transformation from ME to figurative use in the general discourse, in terms of form and metaphoricity. MEs are classified according to their metaphorical strength and their transference from maritime usage into new registers and domains such as those of business, politics, sports and reportage etc. A revised model of metaphoricity is developed and a new category of figurative expression, the ‘resonator’, is proposed. Additionally, developing the work of Lakov and Johnson, Kovesces and others on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), a number of Maritime Conceptual Metaphors are identified and their cultural significance is discussed