A modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality

In this paper we propose an improvement of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality. In the current implementation of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, a sample is compared with a normal distribution where the sample mean and the sample variance are used as parameters of the distribution. We propose to select the mean and variance of the normal distribution that provide the closest fit to the data. This is like shifting and stretching the reference normal distribution so that it fits the data in the best possible way. If this shifting and stretching does not lead to an acceptable fit, the data is probably not normal. We also introduce a fast easily implementable algorithm for the proposed test. A study of the power of the proposed test indicates that the test is able to discriminate between the normal distribution and distributions such as uniform, bi-modal, beta, exponential and log-normal that are different in shape, but has a relatively lower power against the student t-distribution that is similar in shape to the normal distribution. In model settings, the former distinction is typically more important to make than the latter distinction. We demonstrate the practical significance of the proposed test with several simulated examples.Closest fit; Kolmogorov-Smirnov; Normal distribution

A modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality

In this paper we propose an improvement of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality. In the current implementation of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, a sample is compared with a normal distribution where the sample mean and the sample variance are used as parameters of the distribution. We propose to select the mean and variance of the normal distribution that provide the closest fit to the data. This is like shifting and stretching the reference normal distribution so that it fits the data in the best possible way. If this shifting and stretching does not lead to an acceptable fit, the data is probably not normal. We also introduce a fast easily implementable algorithm for the proposed test. A study of the power of the proposed test indicates that the test is able to discriminate between the normal distribution and distributions such as uniform, bi-modal, beta, exponential and log-normal that are different in shape, but has a relatively lower power against the student t-distribution that is similar in shape to the normal distribution. In model settings, the former distinction is typically more important to make than the latter distinction. We demonstrate the practical significance of the proposed test with several simulated examples

A modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality

In this paper we propose an improvement of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality. In the current implementation of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, a sample is compared with a normal distribution where the sample mean and the sample variance are used as parameters of the distribution. We propose to select the mean and variance of the normal distribution that provide the closest fit to the data. This is like shifting and stretching the reference normal distribution so that it fits the data in the best possible way. If this shifting and stretching does not lead to an acceptable fit, the data is probably not normal. We also introduce a fast easily implementable algorithm for the proposed test. A study of the power of the proposed test indicates that the test is able to discriminate between the normal distribution and distributions such as uniform, bi-modal, beta, exponential and log-normal that are different in shape, but has a relatively lower power against the student t-distribution that is similar in shape to the normal distribution. In model settings, the former distinction is typically more important to make than the latter distinction. We demonstrate the practical significance of the proposed test with several simulated examples

El efecto de los juegos divertidos e interactivos como estrategia en la enseñanza de coordenadas para mejorar el rendimiento de los estudiantes en Matemáticas

This research is aimed to help students develop their mathematical concept, as well as emphasizing the appropriate use of information technology among Year Three students. The current mathematics curriculum in Year Three primary school in Malaysia was introduced in 2018. This quantitative study used a quasi-experimental method. Thus, this study examines the differences in performance between a controlled group and experimental group from a school in Malaysia. Paired samples test results have proven that the experimental group performed better than the controlled group. It was also found that fun and interactive games can increase students’ understanding and interest towards mathematics. Interactive games can contribute least time to master some mathematical concepts in a fun way. Therefore, the fun and interactive game is a superior instrument that can be utilized by primary students in learning mathematics in order to encourage learning and innovation skills in the 21st century.Esta investigación tiene como objetivo ayudar a los estudiantes a desarrollar su concepto matemático, así como enfatizar el uso apropiado de la tecnología de la información entre los estudiantes de tercer año. El plan de estudios matemático actual en la escuela primaria del tercer año en Malasia se introdujo en 2018. Este estudio cuantitativo utilizó un método cuasi-experimental. Por lo tanto, este estudio examina las diferencias en el rendimiento entre un grupo controlado y un grupo experimental de una escuela en Malasia. Los resultados de las pruebas de muestras emparejadas han demostrado que el grupo experimental se desempeñó mejor que el grupo controlado. También se descubrió que los juegos divertidos e interactivos pueden aumentar la comprensión e interés de los estudiantes hacia las matemáticas. Los juegos interactivos pueden aportar menos tiempo para dominar algunos conceptos matemáticos de una manera divertida. Por lo tanto, el juego divertido e interactivo es un instrumento superior que los estudiantes de primaria pueden utilizar en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas para fomentar las habilidades de aprendizaje e innovación en el siglo XXI

Statistical Similarity of Mortality and Recovery Ratios for Covid-19 Patients based on Gender and Age

Background: Studying the behavior of patients infected with Covid-19 is an essential issue for health authorities during the global pandemic, so the aim of this study is to investigate the statistical similarity between the recovery and mortality ratios based on the patients’ age and gender. For this purpose, the well-known statistical testing method of Kolmogorov-Smirnov has been utilized to investigate the similarity of distribution functions for mortality and recovery rates for patients infected with Covid-19. Results: Data for 1015 patients resulting in death, recovery, and transfer has been collected and analyzed. The age is cross-classified by gender where the rates’ cumulative distribution functions are independently calculated and depicted for females and males. The results revealed that there is no significant difference between the distribution functions of mortality and recovery rates by gender, but there is by age. Conclusion: The research results would support the health authorities in managing the admission and discharge procedures of the Covid-19 patients where the hospitality services are traditionally provided differently by gender. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2021-02-04-05 Full Text: PD

The Effect of Discretionary Cash Flow on Profitability Ratios: Evidence from Jordanian Manufacturing Corporations

This study examines the effect of discretionary cash flow on the profitability ratios of the manufacturing corporations listed on the Amman Stock Exchange. The study relied on primary data collected from Jordanian manufacturing corporation reports for the period 2010-2021, based on a stratified sample of twenty manufacturing corporations listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). Regression analysis and numerous relevant statistical tests were used to assess the hypotheses. Profitability ratios as the dependent variable were assessed by return on investments (ROI), return on equity (ROE), and net profit margin (NPM), while discretionary cash flow was the independent variable. Furthermore, the study found that discretionary cash flows have a significant impact on return on investments (ROI), return on equity (ROE), and net profit margin (NPM). The researchers recommend that further research consider other measurements of profitability ratios

Determinants of Marketing Supply Chain of Agricultural Cooperatives Output in Ethiopia

The study is planned to identify and evaluate the determinants of marketing supply chain of agricultural cooperatives output in Ethiopia (a case of Jimma Zone cooperative union).  To achieve the objectives of the study the data was collected from cooperatives through questionnaires and Interview. Stratified sampling was applied to reach the target population and regression and correlation considered to analyze the results. The finding revealed that, factors such as Cooperative Management, Members’ participation, Marketing information, Financial Resource and Infrastructure access were found to be the determinant factors affecting agricultural output marketing performance. Hence, to solve noncompliance of agricultural cooperatives output marketing performance the cooperative union should be maintaining Cooperative Management, Members’ participation, Marketing information, Financial Resource, Infrastructure access, and providing social services to the general public

Genetic Loci Associated with Salt Tolerance in Advanced Breeding Populations of Tetraploid Alfalfa Using Genome-Wide Association Studies

Many agricultural lands in the western United States consist of soil with high concentrations of salt, which is detrimental to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth and production, especially in the region where water resource is limited. Developing alfalfa varieties with salt tolerance is imperative for sustainable production under increasing soil salinity. In the present study, we used advanced alfalfa breeding populations and evaluated five traits related to salt tolerance including biomass dry weight (DW) and fresh weight (FW), plant height (PH), leaf relative water content (RWC), and stomatal conductance (SC) under control and salt stress. Stress susceptibility index (SSI) of each trait and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) were used for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify loci associated with salt tolerance. A total of 53 significant SNPs associated with salt tolerance were identified and they were located at 49 loci through eight chromosomes. A Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) search of the regions surrounding the SNPs revealed 21 putative candidate genes associated with salt tolerance. The genetic architecture for traits related to salt tolerance characterized in this report could help in understanding the genetic mechanism by which salt stress affects plant growth and production in alfalfa. The markers and candidate genes identified in the present study would be useful for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding salt-tolerant alfalfa after validation of the markers

Strategic quality management on business to business market in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Product and service quality has increasingly seen as a crucial factor of competitiveness, not only for individual companies, but for entire industries too. Using specific resources and capabilities companies can take a chance to delight their customers. This paper presents new sales model developed by authors, which includes all necessary steps related to sales process. Customer-Oriented Sales (COS) Model considers opportunity that company differentiates itself and become market leader. This paper includes research about companies engaged in B2B sale in Bosnia and Herzegovina and their willingness to use quality as differentiation tool. As a method of research we used data collection questionnaire. It is important to notice that the quality is not the purpose of itself. Investments in quality without recognition of customer needs can also be ineffective. Taking into account all anticipated results, we will make a conclusion about possibilities that companies’ incorporate COS Model in their business system

Analysis of the marketing status of chinese medicine clinics

With the ever-increasing social competition, people's life pressure and psychological pressure are increasing, and various known and unknown diseases also follow, which means that the health industry has huge development potential. At the same time, the government has also issued a series of policies to escort the development of Chinese medicine, and the development of Chinese medicine has reached its golden age. However, due to people's lack of a correct understanding of Chinese medicine and the impact of Western medicine, the development of Chinese medicine is very difficult. How to achieve sustainable development and achieve good economic benefits in a market economy environment is an urgent problem for many Chinese hospitals and Chinese medicine clinics. This article takes the Bojitang Chinese Medicine Clinic as the research object. The Bojitang Chinese Medicine Clinic is a comprehensive Chinese medicine clinic with a traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment as the main body, and acupuncture and massage therapy as a supplement. After five years of continuous development, it enjoys a certain influence in the local area. However, due to fierce competition in the industry and constant changes in consumer demand, Bojitang needs to constantly adjust its marketing strategies and methods to achieve long-term stable development. This study uses marketing theories and strategic analysis tools, such as 4Ps analysis, PEST analysis, etc. to conduct specific analysis of Bojitang’s operating conditions and internal and external environments, to find out the problems in clinic marketing and conduct further analysis. At the same time, a questionnaire survey was conducted on consumers to collect data, and SPSS was used to process and analyze the data. Through the marketing analysis of Bojitang, the marketing capabilities of the clinic can be improved, thereby promoting the realization of the clinic's goals