Robust and Analytical Cardiovascular Sensing

The photoplethysmogram (PPG) is a noninvasive cardiovascular signal related to the pulsatile volume of blood in tissue. The PPG is user-friendly and has the potential to be measured remotely in a contactless manner using a regular RGB camera. In this dissertation, we study the modeling and analytics of PPG signal to facilitate its applications in both robust and remote cardiovascular sensing. In the first part of this dissertation, we study the remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) and present a robust and efficient rPPG system to extract pulse rate (PR) and pulse rate variability (PRV) from face videos. Compared with prior art, our proposed system can achieve accurate PR and PRV estimates even when the video contains significant subject motion and environmental illumination change. In the second part of the dissertation, we present a novel frequency tracking algorithm called Adaptive Multi-Trace Carving (AMTC) to address the micro signal extraction problems. AMTC enables an accurate detection and estimation of one or more subtle frequency components in a very low signal-to-noise ratio condition. In the third part of the dissertation, the relation between electrocardiogram (ECG) and PPG is studied and the waveform of ECG is inferred via the PPG signals. In order to address this cardiovascular inverse problem, a transform is proposed to map the discrete cosine transform coefficients of each PPG cycle to those of the corresponding ECG cycle. As the first work to address this biomedical inverse problem, this line of research enables a full utilization of the easy accessibility of PPG and the clinical authority of ECG for better preventive healthcare

Face Mining in Wikipedia Biographies

RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse présente quelques contributions à la recherche liées au thème de la création d’un système automatisé pour l’extraction de visages dans les pages de biographie sur Wikipédia. La première contribution majeure de ce travail est l’élaboration d’une solution au problème basé sur une nouvelle technique de modélisation graphique probabiliste. Nous utilisons l’inférence probabiliste pour faire des prédictions structurées dans les modèles construits dynamiquement afin d’identifier les véritables exemples de visages correspondant à l’objet d’une biographie parmi tous les visages détectés. Notre modèle probabiliste prend en considération l’information provenant de différentes sources, dont : des résultats de comparaisons entre visages détectés, des métadonnées provenant des images de visage et de leurs détections, des images parentes, des données géospatiales, des noms de fichiers et des sous-titres. Nous croyons que cette recherche est également unique parce que nous sommes les premiers à présenter un système complet et une évaluation expérimentale de la tâche de l’extraction des visages humains dans la nature à une échelle de plus de 50 000 identités. Une autre contribution majeure de nos travaux est le développement d’une nouvelle catégorie de modèles probabilistes discriminatifs basée sur une fonction logistique Beta-Bernoulli généralisée. À travers notre formulation novatrice, nous fournissons une nouvelle méthode d’approximation lisse de la perte 0-1, ainsi qu’une nouvelle catégorie de classificateurs probabilistes. Nous présentons certaines expériences réalisées à l’aide de cette technique pour : 1) une nouvelle forme de régression logistique que nous nommons la régression logistique Beta-Bernoulli généralisée ; 2) une version de cette même technique ; et enfin pour 3) notre modèle pour l’extraction des visages que l’on pourrait considérer comme une technique de prédiction structurée en combinant plusieurs sources multimédias. À travers ces expériences, nous démontrons que les différentes formes de cette nouvelle formulation Beta-Bernoulli améliorent la performance des méthodes de la régression logistique couramment utilisées ainsi que la performance des machines à vecteurs de support (SVM) linéaires et non linéaires dans le but d’une classification binaire. Pour évaluer notre technique, nous avons procédé à des tests de performance reconnus en utilisant différentes propriétés allant de celles qui sont de relativement petite taille à celles qui sont de relativement grande taille, en plus de se baser sur des problèmes ayant des caractéristiques clairsemées ou denses. Notre analyse montre que le modèle Beta-Bernoulli généralisé améliore les formes analogues de modèles classiques de la régression logistique et les machines à vecteurs de support et que lorsque nos évaluations sont effectuées sur les ensembles de données à plus grande échelle, les résultats sont statistiquement significatifs. Une autre constatation est que l’approche est aussi robuste lorsqu’il s’agit de valeurs aberrantes. De plus, notre modèle d’extraction de visages atteint sa meilleure performance lorsque le sous-composant consistant d’un modèle discriminant d’entropie maximale est remplacé par notre modèle de Beta-Bernoulli généralisée de la régression logistique. Cela montre l’applicabilité générale de notre approche proposée pour une tâche de prédiction structurée. Autant que nous sachions, c’est la première fois qu’une approximation lisse de la perte 0-1 a été utilisée pour la classification structurée. Enfin, nous avons exploré plus en profondeur un problème important lié à notre tâche d’extraction des visages – la localisation des points-clés denses sur les visages humains. Nous avons développé un pipeline complet qui résout le problème de localisation des points-clés en utilisant une approche par sous-espace localement linéaire. Notre modèle de localisation des points-clés est d’une efficacité comparable à l’état de l’art.----------ABSTRACT This thesis presents a number of research contributions related to the theme of creating an automated system for extracting faces from Wikipedia biography pages. The first major contribution of this work is the formulation of a solution to the problem based on a novel probabilistic graphical modeling technique. We use probabilistic inference to make structured predictions in dynamically constructed models so as to identify true examples of faces corresponding to the subject of a biography among all detected faces. Our probabilistic model takes into account information from multiple sources, including: visual comparisons between detected faces, meta-data about facial images and their detections, parent images, image locations, image file names, and caption texts. We believe this research is also unique in that we are the first to present a complete system and an experimental evaluation for the task of mining wild human faces on the scale of over 50,000 identities. The second major contribution of this work is the development of a new class of discriminative probabilistic models based on a novel generalized Beta-Bernoulli logistic function. Through our generalized Beta-Bernoulli formulation, we provide both a new smooth 0-1 loss approximation method and new class of probabilistic classifiers. We present experiments using this technique for: 1) a new form of Logistic Regression which we call generalized Beta-Bernoulli Logistic Regression, 2) a kernelized version of the aforementioned technique, and 3) our probabilistic face mining model, which can be regarded as a structured prediction technique that combines information from multimedia sources. Through experiments, we show that the different forms of this novel Beta-Bernoulli formulation improve upon the performance of both widely-used Logistic Regression methods and state-of-the-art linear and non-linear Support Vector Machine techniques for binary classification. To evaluate our technique, we have performed tests using a number of widely used benchmarks with different properties ranging from those that are comparatively small to those that are comparatively large in size, as well as problems with both sparse and dense features. Our analysis shows that the generalized Beta-Bernoulli model improves upon the analogous forms of classical Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machine models and that when our evaluations are performed on larger scale datasets, the results are statistically significant. Another finding is that the approach is also robust when dealing with outliers. Furthermore, our face mining model achieves it’s best performance when its sub-component consisting of a discriminative Maximum Entropy Model is replaced with our generalized Beta-Bernoulli Logistic Regression model. This shows the general applicability of our proposed approach for a structured prediction task. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first time that a smooth approximation to the 0-1 loss has been used for structured predictions. Finally, we have explored an important problem related to our face extraction task in more depth - the localization of dense keypoints on human faces. Therein, we have developed a complete pipeline that solves the keypoint localization problem using an adaptively estimated, locally linear subspace technique. Our keypoint localization model performs on par with state-of-the-art methods

Advanced Biometrics with Deep Learning

Biometrics, such as fingerprint, iris, face, hand print, hand vein, speech and gait recognition, etc., as a means of identity management have become commonplace nowadays for various applications. Biometric systems follow a typical pipeline, that is composed of separate preprocessing, feature extraction and classification. Deep learning as a data-driven representation learning approach has been shown to be a promising alternative to conventional data-agnostic and handcrafted pre-processing and feature extraction for biometric systems. Furthermore, deep learning offers an end-to-end learning paradigm to unify preprocessing, feature extraction, and recognition, based solely on biometric data. This Special Issue has collected 12 high-quality, state-of-the-art research papers that deal with challenging issues in advanced biometric systems based on deep learning. The 12 papers can be divided into 4 categories according to biometric modality; namely, face biometrics, medical electronic signals (EEG and ECG), voice print, and others

Object Tracking

Object tracking consists in estimation of trajectory of moving objects in the sequence of images. Automation of the computer object tracking is a difficult task. Dynamics of multiple parameters changes representing features and motion of the objects, and temporary partial or full occlusion of the tracked objects have to be considered. This monograph presents the development of object tracking algorithms, methods and systems. Both, state of the art of object tracking methods and also the new trends in research are described in this book. Fourteen chapters are split into two sections. Section 1 presents new theoretical ideas whereas Section 2 presents real-life applications. Despite the variety of topics contained in this monograph it constitutes a consisted knowledge in the field of computer object tracking. The intention of editor was to follow up the very quick progress in the developing of methods as well as extension of the application

A Methodology for Extracting Human Bodies from Still Images

Monitoring and surveillance of humans is one of the most prominent applications of today and it is expected to be part of many future aspects of our life, for safety reasons, assisted living and many others. Many efforts have been made towards automatic and robust solutions, but the general problem is very challenging and remains still open. In this PhD dissertation we examine the problem from many perspectives. First, we study the performance of a hardware architecture designed for large-scale surveillance systems. Then, we focus on the general problem of human activity recognition, present an extensive survey of methodologies that deal with this subject and propose a maturity metric to evaluate them. One of the numerous and most popular algorithms for image processing found in the field is image segmentation and we propose a blind metric to evaluate their results regarding the activity at local regions. Finally, we propose a fully automatic system for segmenting and extracting human bodies from challenging single images, which is the main contribution of the dissertation. Our methodology is a novel bottom-up approach relying mostly on anthropometric constraints and is facilitated by our research in the fields of face, skin and hands detection. Experimental results and comparison with state-of-the-art methodologies demonstrate the success of our approach

Handbook of Digital Face Manipulation and Detection

This open access book provides the first comprehensive collection of studies dealing with the hot topic of digital face manipulation such as DeepFakes, Face Morphing, or Reenactment. It combines the research fields of biometrics and media forensics including contributions from academia and industry. Appealing to a broad readership, introductory chapters provide a comprehensive overview of the topic, which address readers wishing to gain a brief overview of the state-of-the-art. Subsequent chapters, which delve deeper into various research challenges, are oriented towards advanced readers. Moreover, the book provides a good starting point for young researchers as well as a reference guide pointing at further literature. Hence, the primary readership is academic institutions and industry currently involved in digital face manipulation and detection. The book could easily be used as a recommended text for courses in image processing, machine learning, media forensics, biometrics, and the general security area