318 research outputs found
Seismic waveform classification and first-break picking using convolution neural networks
Regardless of successful applications of the convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in the different fields, its application to seismic waveform classification and first break (FB) picking has not been explored yet. This letter investigates the application of CNNs for classifying time-space waveforms from seismic shot gathers and picking FBs of both direct wave and refracted wave. We use representative sub-image samples with two types of labeled waveform classification to supervise CNNs training. The goal is to obtain the optimal weights and biases in CNNs, which are solved by minimizing the error between predicted and target label classification. The trained CNNs can be utilized to automatically extract a set of time-space attributes or features from any sub-image in shot gathers. These attributes are subsequently inputted to the trained fully-connected layer of CNNs to output two values between 0 and 1. Based on the two-element outputs, a discriminant score function is defined to provide a single indication for classifying input waveforms. The FB is then located from the calculated score maps by sequentially using a threshold, the first local minimum rule of every trace and a median filter. Finally, we adopt synthetic and real shot data examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of CNNs-based waveform classification and FB picking. The results illustrate that CNNs is an efficient and automatic data-driven classifier and picker
Leveraging Uncertainty Quantification for Picking Robust First Break Times
In seismic exploration, the selection of first break times is a crucial
aspect in the determination of subsurface velocity models, which in turn
significantly influences the placement of wells. Many deep neural network
(DNN)-based automatic first break picking methods have been proposed to speed
up this picking processing. However, there has been no work on the uncertainty
of the first picking results of the output of DNN. In this paper, we propose a
new framework for first break picking based on a Bayesian neural network to
further explain the uncertainty of the output. In a large number of
experiments, we evaluate that the proposed method has better accuracy and
robustness than the deterministic DNN-based model. In addition, we also verify
that the uncertainty of measurement is meaningful, which can provide a
reference for human decision-making
MSSPN: Automatic First Arrival Picking using Multi-Stage Segmentation Picking Network
Picking the first arrival times of prestack gathers is called First Arrival
Time (FAT) picking, which is an indispensable step in seismic data processing,
and is mainly solved manually in the past. With the current increasing density
of seismic data collection, the efficiency of manual picking has been unable to
meet the actual needs. Therefore, automatic picking methods have been greatly
developed in recent decades, especially those based on deep learning. However,
few of the current supervised deep learning-based method can avoid the
dependence on labeled samples. Besides, since the gather data is a set of
signals which are greatly different from the natural images, it is difficult
for the current method to solve the FAT picking problem in case of a low Signal
to Noise Ratio (SNR). In this paper, for hard rock seismic gather data, we
propose a Multi-Stage Segmentation Pickup Network (MSSPN), which solves the
generalization problem across worksites and the picking problem in the case of
low SNR. In MSSPN, there are four sub-models to simulate the manually picking
processing, which is assumed to four stages from coarse to fine. Experiments on
seven field datasets with different qualities show that our MSSPN outperforms
benchmarks by a large margin.Particularly, our method can achieve more than
90\% accurate picking across worksites in the case of medium and high SNRs, and
even fine-tuned model can achieve 88\% accurate picking of the dataset with low
SNR
Application of machine learning for the extrapolation of seismic data
Low frequencies in seismic data are often challenging to acquire. Without low frequencies, though, a method like full-waveform inversion might fail due to cycle-skipping. This thesis aims to investigate the potential of neural networks for the task of low-frequency extrapolation to overcome aforementioned problem. Several steps are needed to achieve this goal: First, suitable data for training and testing the network must be found. Second, the data must be pre-processed to condition them for machine learning and efficient application. Third, a specific workflow for the task of low-frequency extrapolation must be designed. Finally, the trained network can be applied to data it has not seen before and compared to reference data. In this work, synthetic data are used for training and evaluation because in such a controlled experiment the target for the network is known. For this purpose, 30 random but geologically plausible subsurface models were generated based on a simplified geology around the Asse II salt mine, and used for finite-difference simulations of seismograms. The corresponding shot gathers were pre-processed by, among others, normalizing them and splitting them up into patches, and fed into a convolutional neural network (U-Net) to assess the network’s performance and its ability to reconstruct the data. Two different approaches were investigated for the task of low-frequency extrapolation. The first approach is based on using only low frequencies as the network’s target, while the second approach has the full bandwidth as target. The latter yielded superior results and was therefore chosen for subsequent applications. Further tests of the network design led to the introduction of ResNet blocks instead of simple convolutions in the U-Net layers, and the use of the mean-absolute-error instead of the mean-squared-error loss function. The final network designed in this way was then applied to the synthetic data originally reserved for testing. It turned out that the chosen method is able to successfully extrapolate low frequencies by more than half an octave (from about 8 to 5 Hz) given the experimental setup at hand. Although the results start to deteriorate in the low-frequency band for larger offsets, full-waveform inversion will overall benefit from the application of the presented machine learning approach
Extrapolated full waveform inversion with deep learning
The lack of low frequency information and a good initial model can seriously
affect the success of full waveform inversion (FWI), due to the inherent cycle
skipping problem. Computational low frequency extrapolation is in principle the
most direct way to address this issue. By considering bandwidth extension as a
regression problem in machine learning, we propose an architecture of
convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically extrapolate the missing low
frequencies without preprocessing and post-processing steps. The bandlimited
recordings are the inputs of the CNN and, in our numerical experiments, a
neural network trained from enough samples can predict a reasonable
approximation to the seismograms in the unobserved low frequency band, both in
phase and in amplitude. The numerical experiments considered are set up on
simulated P-wave data. In extrapolated FWI (EFWI), the low-wavenumber
components of the model are determined from the extrapolated low frequencies,
before proceeding with a frequency sweep of the bandlimited data. The proposed
deep-learning method of low-frequency extrapolation shows adequate
generalizability for the initialization step of EFWI. Numerical examples show
that the neural network trained on several submodels of the Marmousi model is
able to predict the low frequencies for the BP 2004 benchmark model.
Additionally, the neural network can robustly process seismic data with
uncertainties due to the existence of noise, poorly-known source wavelet, and
different finite-difference scheme in the forward modeling operator. Finally,
this approach is not subject to the structural limitations of other methods for
bandwidth extension, and seems to offer a tantalizing solution to the problem
of properly initializing FWI.Comment: 30 pages, 22 figure
Automatic Velocity Picking Using a Multi-Information Fusion Deep Semantic Segmentation Network
Velocity picking, a critical step in seismic data processing, has been
studied for decades. Although manual picking can produce accurate normal
moveout (NMO) velocities from the velocity spectra of prestack gathers, it is
time-consuming and becomes infeasible with the emergence of large amount of
seismic data. Numerous automatic velocity picking methods have thus been
developed. In recent years, deep learning (DL) methods have produced good
results on the seismic data with medium and high signal-to-noise ratios (SNR).
Unfortunately, it still lacks a picking method to automatically generate
accurate velocities in the situations of low SNR. In this paper, we propose a
multi-information fusion network (MIFN) to estimate stacking velocity from the
fusion information of velocity spectra and stack gather segments (SGS). In
particular, we transform the velocity picking problem into a semantic
segmentation problem based on the velocity spectrum images. Meanwhile, the
information provided by SGS is used as a prior in the network to assist
segmentation. The experimental results on two field datasets show that the
picking results of MIFN are stable and accurate for the scenarios with medium
and high SNR, and it also performs well in low SNR scenarios
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