Efficiency and Nash Equilibria in a Scrip System for P2P Networks

A model of providing service in a P2P network is analyzed. It is shown that by adding a scrip system, a mechanism that admits a reasonable Nash equilibrium that reduces free riding can be obtained. The effect of varying the total amount of money (scrip) in the system on efficiency (i.e., social welfare) is analyzed, and it is shown that by maintaining the appropriate ratio between the total amount of money and the number of agents, efficiency is maximized. The work has implications for many online systems, not only P2P networks but also a wide variety of online forums for which scrip systems are popular, but formal analyses have been lacking

Multiscale design for system-wide peer-to-peer energy trading

The integration of renewable generation and the electrification of heating and transportation are critical for the sustainable energy transition toward net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. These changes require the large-scale adoption of distributed energy resources (DERs). Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading has gained attention as a new approach for incentivizing the uptake and coordination of DERs, with advantages for computational scalability, prosumer autonomy, and market competitiveness. However, major unresolved challenges remain for scaling out P2P trading, including enforcing network constraints, managing uncertainty, and mediating transmission and distribution conflicts. Here, we propose a novel multiscale design framework for P2P trading, with inter-platform coordination mechanisms to align local transactions with system-level requirements, and analytical tools to enhance long-term planning and investment decisions by accounting for forecast real-time operation. By integrating P2P trading into planning and operation across spatial and temporal scales, the adoption of large-scale DERs is tenable and can create economic, environmental, and social co-benefits

Distributed Selfish Coaching

Although cooperation generally increases the amount of resources available to a community of nodes, thus improving individual and collective performance, it also allows for the appearance of potential mistreatment problems through the exposition of one node's resources to others. We study such concerns by considering a group of independent, rational, self-aware nodes that cooperate using on-line caching algorithms, where the exposed resource is the storage at each node. Motivated by content networking applications -- including web caching, CDNs, and P2P -- this paper extends our previous work on the on-line version of the problem, which was conducted under a game-theoretic framework, and limited to object replication. We identify and investigate two causes of mistreatment: (1) cache state interactions (due to the cooperative servicing of requests) and (2) the adoption of a common scheme for cache management policies. Using analytic models, numerical solutions of these models, as well as simulation experiments, we show that on-line cooperation schemes using caching are fairly robust to mistreatment caused by state interactions. To appear in a substantial manner, the interaction through the exchange of miss-streams has to be very intense, making it feasible for the mistreated nodes to detect and react to exploitation. This robustness ceases to exist when nodes fetch and store objects in response to remote requests, i.e., when they operate as Level-2 caches (or proxies) for other nodes. Regarding mistreatment due to a common scheme, we show that this can easily take place when the "outlier" characteristics of some of the nodes get overlooked. This finding underscores the importance of allowing cooperative caching nodes the flexibility of choosing from a diverse set of schemes to fit the peculiarities of individual nodes. To that end, we outline an emulation-based framework for the development of mistreatment-resilient distributed selfish caching schemes. Our framework utilizes a simple control-theoretic approach to dynamically parameterize the cache management scheme. We show performance evaluation results that quantify the benefits from instantiating such a framework, which could be substantial under skewed demand profiles.National Science Foundation (CNS Cybertrust 0524477, CNS NeTS 0520166, CNS ITR 0205294, EIA RI 0202067); EU IST (CASCADAS and E-NEXT); Marie Curie Outgoing International Fellowship of the EU (MOIF-CT-2005-007230

Interest-Based Self-Organizing Peer-to-Peer Networks: A Club Economics Approach

Improving the information retrieval (IR) performance of peer-to-peer networks is an important and challenging problem. Recently, the computer science literature has attempted to address this problem by improving IR search algorithms. However, in peer-to-peer networks, IR performance is determined by both technology and user behavior, and very little attention has been paid in the literature to improving IR performance through incentives to change user behavior. We address this gap by combining the club goods economics literature and the IR literature to propose a next generation file sharing architecture. Using the popular Gnutella 0.6 architecture as context, we conceptualize a Gnutella ultrapeer and its local network of leaf nodes as a "club" (in economic terms). We specify an information retrieval-based utility model for a peer to determine which clubs to join, for a club to manage its membership, and for a club to determine to which other clubs they should connect. We simulate the performance of our model using a unique real-world dataset collected from the Gnutella 0.6 network. These simulations show that our club model accomplishes both performance goals. First, peers are self-organized into communities of interest - in our club model peers are 85% more likely to be able to obtain content from their local club than they are in the current Gnutella 0.6 architecture. Second, peers have increased incentives to share content - our model shows that peers who share can increase their recall performance by nearly five times over the performance offered to free-riders. We also show that the benefits provided by our club model outweigh the added protocol overhead imposed on the network for the most valuable peers

Identifying Potential Conflict in Land-Use Planning Using a Values-Centered E-Participation Tool: A Canadian Case Study in Aggregate Mining

An innovative e-participation tool is used to facilitate the articulation of value-laden assumptions, and to identify key points of likely conflict in an aggregate mining controversy in Ontario, Canada. The expert model developed using ‘Public to Public Decision Support System (P2P-DSS) reflects a perspective that differs significantly from public perceptions in terms of the social values that influence rejection of a permit amendment application. By facilitating two-way communication about values assumptions P2P-DSS generates a novel dataset that can support pro-active conflict management and contribute to a shared understanding between government decision-makers and public citizens

Quadruple Helix Engagement: Reviews on Shariah Fintech Based SMEs Digitalization Readiness

The development of Sharia Financial Technology (Fintech) after Covid-19 has experienced significant fluctuations in affecting the country’s economy. The importance of the role of Financial Transactions in the digitalization readiness of SMEs makes a considerable contribution to the use of Financial Technology as an effort to maintain the sustainability of SMEs. Identification of the involvement of the quadruple Helix (government, investors, academics, and communities) in maintaining the financial stability of SMEs through Sharia Fintech emerged as new challenges and opportunities in improving the economy after Covid 19 in Indonesia. Therefore, a systematic literature review investigation regarding how to utilize Sharia fintech products that are adjusted to the degree of digitization is required to help SMEs’ sustainability as well as explore the role of the quadruple Helix in pursuing this success. We identified 110 papers published on Sharia Fintech for SMEs, SMEs Digitalization Readiness, and The Role of Quadruple Helix between 2003-2021 with 87 specifications from Scopus journals and 23 from proceedings conferences. The analysis was performed using Atlas.ti 9 Software Packages on the above topic by limiting the discussion to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The literature review found a lack of study about the evaluation of Quadruple Helix Engagement for Sharia Fintech Based SMEs Digitalization Readiness. Thus, it needs an enhancement of a new model of Sharia fintech quadruple helix recommendation focuses on the SMEs digital readiness assessment as an attempt to increase the utilization of proper Sharia fintech products for SMEs

Rules for Watt?:Designing Appropriate Governance Arrangements for the Introduction of Smart Grids

The increasing generation of electricity from renewable energy sources like wind and sun furthers the transition to a sustainable energy system, but at the same time challenges the operation and management of the electricity grid. Smart grids are considered a sustainable and energy-efficient solution to this challenge because they can facilitate the integration of electricity from intermitted renewable energy sources and the accommodation of more fluctuating demand patterns in the distribution grid. The PhD thesis aims to contribute to the improvement of smart grid introduction in practice. Smart grids are considered essential for the Dutch energy transition, but decision-making in energy planning and on smart grid introduction is rather slow and time-consuming. To improve the introduction of smart grids in the Netherlands, this dissertation focusses on the institutional side of decision-making practices, and specifically on the ‘rules of the game’ governing multi-stakeholder local energy planning processes. The research is guided by the research question ‘how can local governance on the introduction of smart grids be improved?’ To address this question, first, governance arrangements inherent to decision-making on the introduction of smart grids in Dutch city districts are studied empirically. This led to three overarching findings: (1) efficiency in local energy planning on the introduction of smart grids is low; (2) there is mostly a lack of residents’ participation in the local planning process of their city district’s energy infrastructure; and (3) several rules-in-use are disabling local energy planning as well as are often conflicting with (experimental) rules-in-form. Based on this, second, two heuristics are developed that can facilitate the introduction of smart grids in local settings: an institutional architecture (of institutional arrangements) and a process architecture (of decision-making functionality). The two heuristics are not only suitable for the introduction of smart grids in Dutch local settings, but also for the realization of additional (integrated) smart energy infrastructures in different contexts

Research Naval Postgraduate School, v.12, no.3, October 2002

NPS Research is published by the Research and Sponsored Programs, Office of the Vice President and Dean of Research, in accordance with NAVSOP-35. Views and opinions expressed are not necessarily those of the Department of the Navy.Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited