Software prozesuen hobekuntzarako ekimenen biziraupen-analisia eta sailkapen-ikasketa, eta horien ondorioak enpresa txikietan

116 p.Softwareak funtsezko papera dauka negozio gehienetan. Hain zuzen ere, edozein negozioren abantaila lehiakorraren gako nagusietako bat dela esan daiteke. Software hori enpresa handi, ertain edo txikiek sor dezakete. Testuinguru horretan, erakunde mota horiek prozesuak hobetzeko ekimenak martxan jartzeko hautua egiten dute, merkatuan eskaintzen dituzten zerbitzuen edo azken produktuen kalitatea hobetzeko helburuarekin. Hortaz, ohikoa izaten da enpresa handi eta ertainek azken produktuen garapen-prozesuak zehaztea, are eredugarriak diren kalitate-ereduak erabiltzea, industriatik eratorritako jardunbide egokiekin. Izan ere, hobekuntza-ekimen bat aurrera eramaten laguntzeko erreferentziazko eredu eta estandar asko daude. Hortaz, erakundeek hainbat eredutako eskakizunak bete behar izaten dituzte aldi berean. Estandar horien barruan antzekoak diren praktika edo eskakizunak egon ohi dira (bikoiztasunak), edo neurri handiko erakundeentzat pentsatuta daudenak. Erakunde txikien esparruan, bikoiztasun horiek gainkostua eragiten dute ekimen hauetan. Horren ondorioz, erreferentziazko ereduekin loturiko prozesuak zehazteko orduan, burokrazia-lana handitu egiten da. Horrez gain, eredu hauen bikoiztasunak ezabatzera eta bere prozesuak hainbat arau aldi berean aintzat hartuta berraztertzera behartzen ditu. Egoera hori bereziki delikatua da 25 langiletik behera dituzten erakunde txikientzat, Very Small Entities (VSE) izenez ere ezagunak direnak. Erakunde mota hauek ahal duten modurik onenean erabiltzen dituzte haien baliabideak, eta, haien ikuspegitik, erreferentziazko eredu hauek gastu bat dira inbertsio bat baino gehiago. Hortaz, ez dute prozesuak hobetzeko ekimenik martxan jartzen. Ildo horretatik, erakunde horiei VSE-en beharretara egokituko zen eredu bat eskaintzeko sortu zen ISO/IEC 29110.ISO/IEC 29110 arauaren lehen edizioa 2011n sortu zen eta, ordutik, zenbait ikerketa-lan eta industria-esperientzia garatu dira testuinguru horren barruan. Batetik, ez dago VSE-ekin loturik dauden nahikoa industria-esperientzia, eta, beraz, ez da erraza jakitea zein den VSE-en portaera. 2011tik, ISO/IEC29110 arauarekin zerikusia duten hainbat lan argitaratu dira, baina, orain arte, lan horien tipologia oso desberdina izan da. Horrenbestez, ezinbestekoa da lehen esperientzia hauek aztertu eta ezagutzea, egindako lehen lan horiek sailkatu ahal izateko. Bestetik, prozesuak hobetzeko ekimenek ez dute beti arrakastarik izaten, eta mota honetako ekimen baten iraupena zein izango den ere ez da gauza ziurra izaten. Hartara, ekimen hauek testuinguru hauetan daukaten biziraupen maila zein den aztertu behar da, bai eta VSE-etan prozesuak hobetzeko ekimenak garatu eta ezarri bitartean eman daitezkeen lan-ereduak identifikatzea ere. Azkenik, garatzen dituzten produktuen segurtasun-arloarekin kezka berezia izan ohi dute VSEk. Hortaz, segurtasun-alderdi nagusiak kudeatzeko mekanismoak ezarri behar izaten dituzte.Lehenik eta behin, lan honetan, ISO/IEC 29110 arauarekin loturiko artikuluen azterketa metodiko bat egin dugu, eta ikerketa-esparru nagusiak eta egindako lan mota garrantzitsuenak jaso ditugu. Bigarrenik, VSEk prozesuak hobetzeko martxan jarritako mota honetako ekimenen biziraupena aztertzeko marko bat proposatu dugu. Hirugarrenik, haien portaeraren ezaugarriak zehazteko, ekimen hauetan ematen diren ereduak identifikatzeko ikuspegia landu dugu. Laugarrenik, VSEn softwarearen garapenaren bizi-zikloan segurtasun-arloko alderdiak gehitzeko eta zor teknikoa kudeatzeko proposamena egin dugu

Understanding, Analysis, and Handling of Software Architecture Erosion

Architecture erosion occurs when a software system's implemented architecture diverges from the intended architecture over time. Studies show erosion impacts development, maintenance, and evolution since it accumulates imperceptibly. Identifying early symptoms like architectural smells enables managing erosion through refactoring. However, research lacks comprehensive understanding of erosion, unclear which symptoms are most common, and lacks detection methods. This thesis establishes an erosion landscape, investigates symptoms, and proposes identification approaches. A mapping study covers erosion definitions, symptoms, causes, and consequences. Key findings: 1) "Architecture erosion" is the most used term, with four perspectives on definitions and respective symptom types. 2) Technical and non-technical reasons contribute to erosion, negatively impacting quality attributes. Practitioners can advocate addressing erosion to prevent failures. 3) Detection and correction approaches are categorized, with consistency and evolution-based approaches commonly mentioned.An empirical study explores practitioner perspectives through communities, surveys, and interviews. Findings reveal associated practices like code review and tools identify symptoms, while collected measures address erosion during implementation. Studying code review comments analyzes erosion in practice. One study reveals architectural violations, duplicate functionality, and cyclic dependencies are most frequent. Symptoms decreased over time, indicating increased stability. Most were addressed after review. A second study explores violation symptoms in four projects, identifying 10 categories. Refactoring and removing code address most violations, while some are disregarded.Machine learning classifiers using pre-trained word embeddings identify violation symptoms from code reviews. Key findings: 1) SVM with word2vec achieved highest performance. 2) fastText embeddings worked well. 3) 200-dimensional embeddings outperformed 100/300-dimensional. 4) Ensemble classifier improved performance. 5) Practitioners found results valuable, confirming potential.An automated recommendation system identifies qualified reviewers for violations using similarity detection on file paths and comments. Experiments show common methods perform well, outperforming a baseline approach. Sampling techniques impact recommendation performance

Markovian-based clustering of internet addiction trajectories

A hidden Markov clustering procedure is applied to a sample of n=185 longitudinal Internet Addiction Test trajectories collected in Switzerland. The best solution has 4 groups. This solution is related to the level of emotional wellbeing of the subjects, but no relation is observed with age, gender and BMI

A discussion on hidden Markov models for life course data

This is an introduction on discrete-time Hidden Markov models (HMM) for longitudinal data analysis in population and life course studies. In the Markovian perspective, life trajectories are considered as the result of a stochastic process in which the probability of occurrence of a particular state or event depends on the sequence of states observed so far. Markovian models are used to analyze the transition process between successive states. Starting from the traditional formulation of a first-order discrete-time Markov chain where each state is liked to the next one, we present the hidden Markov models where the current response is driven by a latent variable that follows a Markov process. The paper presents also a simple way of handling categorical covariates to capture the effect of external factors on the transition probabilities and existing software are briefly overviewed. Empirical illustrations using data on self reported health demonstrate the relevance of the different extensions for life course analysis

Using dynamic microsimulation to understand professional trajectories of the active Swiss population

Within the social and economic sciences and of particular interest to demographers are life course events. Looking at life sequences we can better understand which states, or life events, precede or are precursors to vulnerability. A tool that has been used for policy evaluation and recently has been gaining ground in life course sequence simulation is dynamic microsimulation. Within this context dynamic microsimulation consists in generating entire life courses from the observation of portions of the trajectories of individuals of different ages. In this work, we aim to use dynamic microsimulation in order to analyse individual professional trajectories with a focus on vulnerability. The primary goal of this analysis is to deepen upon current literature by providing insight from a longitudinal perspective on the signs of work instability and the process of precarity. The secondary goal of this work which is to show how, by using microsimulation, data collected for one purpose can be analysed under a different scope and used in a meaningful way. The data to be used in this analysis are longitudinal and were collected by NCCR-LIVES IP207 under the supervision of Prof. Christian Maggiori and Dr. Gregoire Bollmann. Individuals aged 25 to 55 residing in the German-speaking and French-speaking regions of Switzerland were followed annually for four years. These individuals were questioned regarding, amongst their personal, professional and overall situations and well-being. At the end of the fourth wave, there were 1131 individuals who had participated in all waves. The sample remained representative of the Swiss population with women and the unemployed slightly over represented. Using the information collected from these surveys, we use simulation to construct various longitudinal data modules where each data module represents a specific life domain. We postulate the relationship between these modules and layout a framework of estimation. Within certain data modules a set of equations are created to model the process therein. For every dynamic (time-variant) data module, such as the labour-market module, the transition probabilities between states (ex. labour market status) are estimated using a Markov model and then the possible outcomes are simulated. The benefit of using dynamic microsimulation is that longitudinal sample observations instead of stylised profiles are used to model population dynamics. This is one of the main reasons large-scale dynamic microsimulation models are employed by many developed nations. There has been limited use, however, of such approaches with Swiss data. This work contributes to the analysis of professional trajectories of the active Swiss population by utilising dynamic microsimulation methods