3D GIS TOOLS FOR SUBSOIL MANAGEMENT

[EN] Applications of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) on several archaeology fields have been increasing during the last years. Recent approaches in these technologies make possible to work with even more realistic 3D models with the so-called GIS 3D. However, these systems are currently far from being the perfect tool to integrate the subsoil management in Arqueology. In this paper we focus on the state of the art in 3D GIS for subsoil management as well as the hybrid subsoil model for 3D data management.[ES] Las aplicaciones de los Sistemas de Información Geográficos (SIG) en muchos campos de la Arqueología se han ido incrementando en los últimos años. Las nuevas propuestas en estos sistemas permiten trabajar con modelos cada vez más parecidos a la realidad con los denominados SIG 3D. Sin embargo, estos sistemas actualmente distan de ser la herramienta ideal para el manejo del subsuelo en Arqueología. En este artículo nos centramos en el estado del arte en los SIG 3D para manejo del subsuelo y también en un nuevo modelo de datos en 3D, el modelo híbrido de integración de información espacial.Herrador, M.; Graciano, A.; Feito, FR.; Ortega, L. (2016). 3D GIS TOOLS FOR SUBSOIL MANAGEMENT. En 8th International congress on archaeology, computer graphics, cultural heritage and innovation. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 277-280. https://doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica8.2015.3227OCS27728

Highly efficient computer oriented octree data structure and neighbors search in 3D GIS spatial

Three Dimensional (3D) have given new perspective in various field such as urban planning, hydrology, infrastructure modeling, geology etc due to its capability of handling real world object in more realistic manners, rather than two-dimensional (2D) approach. However, implementation of 3D spatial analysis in the real world has proven difficult due to the complexity of algorithm, computational power and time consuming. Existing GIS system enables 2D and two-and-a-half dimensional (2.5D) spatial datasets, but less capable of supporting 3D data structures. Recent development in Octree see more effort to improve weakness of octree in finding neighbor node by using various address encoding scheme with specific rule to eliminate the need of tree traversal. This paper proposed a new method to speed up neighbor searching and eliminating the needs of complex operation to extract spatial information from octree by preserving 3D spatial information directly from Octree data structure. This new method able to achieve O(1) complexity and utilizing Bit Manipulation Instruction 2 (BMI2) to speedup address encoding, extraction and voxel search 700% compared with generic implementation

3D GIS Modeling of Soft Geo-Objects: Taking Rainfall, Overland Flow, and Soil Erosion as an Example

In physics, objects can be divided into rigid and soft objects according to the object deformation capacity. Similarly, geo-object can also be classified into rigid geo-objects (e.g., building, urban) and soft geo-objects (e.g., mudflow, water, soil erosion). There are three types of approaches for 3D GIS modeling, i.e., surface-based, volume-based, and hybrids in terms of geometry. These approaches are suitable for representing rigid geo-objects, but they are not suitable to simulate the intrinsic properties of the soft geo-object, i.e., dynamics and deformation. And so far there are few GIS modeling methods for simulation of soft geo-objects. GIS flow elements (FEs) and GIS soft voxels (SVs) were proposed for 3D modeling of soft geo-objects. GIS flow elements can realistically represent the dynamics and stochastics of soft geo-objects, while GIS soft voxels simulate deformation of soft geo-objects. The authors discuss the implementation and computer programming of GIS flow elements and GIS soft voxels in this study. GIS FE and SV have been successfully applied in a case study toward the simulation of the process of rainfall, overland flow, and soil erosion. A software system has been designed and developed, which has the functions of data management, model computation, and 3D simulation

3D Subsurface Soil Deformation Data Model

Different terrains yield different hydrological processes. Prolonged and continuous precipitation in hillslope areas contributes to the probability of slope failures. Water has the ability to shape the land where soil deformation can occur with the presence of water. Thus, the interaction between subsurface soils with water that has infiltrated the soils should be given adequate attention. This paper will introduce a new data model that integrates an environmental (hydrology and landslide), 3D Geographic Information System (3D GIS) and programming (JAVA) known as 3D Soil water Gravitational Dynamic Flow (3D-SGD Flow) data model. The 3D-SGD Flow data model combines these three main data sets as a foundation in order to provide a better simulation of soil water movement in subsurface soil, which can be used to simulate movement of terrain changes (landslide) in three-dimensional (3D) form. This paper differentiate and combines the past and present approaches and posits the newly modified approach that can be used in the future, when the drawback of each approach is improved and upgraded to fulfil the criteria to build a data model for 3D subsurface soil deformation

Advances in 3D Spatial Information Systems. Applications in cultural heritage and virtual archeology

[EN] Large point clouds from radars and these-dimensional scanners are commonly used in Archaeology. However, in most cases these models cannot be properly integrated and used in software such as heritage management due to its large size. Therefore, some tools to make this management easier and optimize the processing are needed. In this work, we propone the integration between OpenVDB and GRASS in a C++ module to combine the widen functionality of GRASS GIS with the 3D models management efficiency of OpenVDB. Specifically, this application is used to combine the topographic information of a city with the 3D models of the most significant buildings. This application can be useful for both current cities as well as for virtual reconstruction of existing villages in the olden days and currently disappeared.[ES] En arqueología son frecuentes las grandes nubes de puntos obtenidas mediante herramientas como radares o escáneres tridimensionales. El excesivo tamaño de estos modelos ocasiona que, en la mayoría de los casos, no puedan ser integrados y manejados de forma adecuada y precisa con otros programas como, por ejemplo, los de gestión del patrimonio. Por ello, es necesario encontrar mecanismos que faciliten el manejo de los datos y optimicen su tratamiento. Por ello, en este trabajo se plantea la integración de OpenVDB y GRASS en un módulo implementado en C++, de forma que se combine la potencia y amplia funcionalidad del sistema de información geográfica GRASS con la eficiencia en el manejo de modelos 3D proporcionada por OpenVDB. En concreto, se propone la aplicación directa del mecanismo implementado para la combinación de la información topográfica de la ciudad con los modelos 3D de los edificios más significativos. Esta aplicación podría resultar de utilidad tanto para ciudades actuales como para la reconstrucción virtual de poblaciones existentes en la antigüedad y actualmente desaparecidas.Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente subvencionado por la Universidad de Jaén bajo el proyecto de investigación “Gestión del Subsuelo Urbano mediante SIG 3D” - Centro de Estudios Avanzados en TIC.Robles Ortega, MD.; Ortega Alvarado, L.; Feito Higueruela, FR. (2015). Avances en Sistemas de Información Espacial 3D. Aplicaciones en patrimonio y arqueología virtual. Virtual Archaeology Review. 6(12):77-91. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2015.4161SWORD7791612BECKER, S. et al. (2012): "Integrated management of heterogeneous geodata with a hybrid 3D geoinformation system". ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. I-2, pp. 87-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-I-2-87-2012CIGNONI, P. et al. (1997): "A Comparison of Mesh Simplification Algorithms". Computers & Graphics. Volumen 22, pp. 37-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0097-8493(97)00082-4CLARKSON, C. et al. (2014): "Mapping stone: using GIS spatial modelling to predict lithic source zones". Journal of Archaeological Science. Volumen 46, pp. 324 - 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.03.035FABRIZIO, I.A. et al. (2012): "3D reality-based artefact models for the management of archaeological sites using 3D Gis: a framework starting from the case study of the Pompeii Archaeological area", Journal of Archaeological Science. Volumen 39, nº 5, pp. 1271-1287, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.12.034.FEITO, F.R., SEGURA, R.J. (2009): "Herramientas SIG 3D". I Congreso Internacional de Arqueología e Informática Gráfica, Patrimonio e Innovación.FISHER-GEWIRTZMAN, D. et al. (2013): "Voxel based volumetric visibility analysis of urban environments". Survey Review. Volumen 45, nº 333, pp. 451-461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1752270613y.0000000059LIN, T. et al. (2008): Development of a virtual reality GIS using stereo vision, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. Volumen 63, nº 1, pp. 38-48.LÓPEZ-FRAILE, F.J. et al. (2014): "Aplicaciones SIG en la caracterización geoarqueológica del yacimiento paleolítico de Las Delicias (Madrid, España) y visualización en 3D de los resultados", en Virtual Archaeology Review. Volumen 5, nº 10, pp. 32-44.McCOOL, J.P. (2014): PRAGIS: a test case for a web-based archaeological GIS. Journal of Archaeological Science. Volumen 41, pp. 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.07.037MUSETH, K. (2014): Hierarchical Digital Differential Analyzer for Efficient Ray-Marching in OpenVDB. ACM SIGGRAPH Talk. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2614106.2614136NETELER, M. et al. (2008): Open source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach. 3rd Edition. Springer. ISBN-13: 978-0-387-35767-6. Book Series: The International Series in Engineering and Computer Science: Volume 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68574-8PÉREZ NAVARRO, A et al. (2011): Introducción a los sistemas de información geográfica y geotelemática. Editorial UOC.ROBLES-ORTEGA, M.D. et al. (2013): "Automatic Street Surface Modeling for Web-Based Urban Information Systems". Journal of Urban Planning and Development. Volumen 139, nº 1, pp. 40-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000131SHEN, DY. et al. (2006): "3D simulation of soft geo-objects". International Journal of Geographical Information Science. Volumen 20, nº 3, pp. 261-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13658810500287149WANG, Y. (2006): 3D GIS Spatial Modeling for City Surface and Subsurface Integration. IGARSS'06.ZAMBELLI, P. et al. (2013): Pygrass: An Object Oriented Python Application Programming Interface (API) for Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) Geographic Information System (GIS). ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2, pp. 201-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi201020

Une approche pour supporter l'analyse qualitative des suites d'actions dans un environnement géographique virtuel et dynamique : l'analyse " What-if " comme exemple

Nous proposons une approche basée sur la géosimulation multi-agent et un outil d’aide à la décision pour supporter l’analyse « What-if » durant la planification des suites d’actions (plans) dans un environnement géographique dynamique. Nous présentons les caractéristiques du raisonnement « What-if » en tant 1) que simulation mentale 2) suivant un processus en trois étapes et 3) basé sur du raisonnement causal qualitatif. Nous soulignons les limites de la cognition humaine pour appliquer ce raisonnement dans le cadre de la planification des suites d’actions dans un environnement géographique dynamique et nous identifions les motivations de notre recherche. Ensuite, nous présentons notre approche basée sur la géosimulation multi-agent et nous identifions ses caractéristiques. Nous traitons en particulier trois problématiques majeures. La première problématique concerne la modélisation des phénomènes géographiques dynamiques. Nous soulignons les limites des approches existantes et nous présentons notre modèle basé sur le concept de situation spatio-temporelle que nous représentons en utilisant le formalisme de graphes conceptuels. En particulier, nous présentons comment nous avons défini ce concept en nous basant sur les archétypes cognitifs du linguiste J-P. Desclés. La deuxième problématique concerne la transformation des résultats d’une géosimulation multi-agent en une représentation qualitative exprimée en termes de situations spatio-temporelles. Nous présentons les étapes de traitement de données nécessaires pour effectuer cette transformation. La troisième problématique concerne l’inférence des relations causales entre des situations spatio-temporelles. En nous basant sur divers travaux traitant du raisonnement causal et de ses caractéristiques, nous proposons une solution basée sur des contraintes causales spatio-temporelles et de causalité pour établir des relations de causation entre des situations spatio-temporelles. Finalement, nous présentons MAGS-COA, une preuve de concept que nous avons implémentée pour évaluer l’adéquation de notre approche comme support à la résolution de problèmes réels. Ainsi, les principales contributions de notre travail sont: 1- Une approche basée sur la géosimulation multi-agent pour supporter l’analyse « What-if » des suites d’actions dans des environnements géographiques virtuels. 2- L’application d’un modèle issu de recherches en linguistique à un problème d’intérêt pour la recherche en raisonnement spatial. 3- Un modèle qualitatif basé sur les archétypes cognitifs pour modéliser des situations dynamiques dans un environnement géographique virtuel. 4- MAGS-COA, une plateforme de simulation et d’analyse qualitative des situations spatio-temporelles. 5- Un algorithme pour l’identification des relations causales entre des situations spatio-temporelles.We propose an approach and a tool based on multi-agent geosimulation techniques in order to support courses of action’s (COAs) “What if” analysis in the context of dynamic geographical environments. We present the characteristics of “What if” thinking as a three-step mental simulation process based on qualitative causal reasoning. We stress humans’ cognition limits of such a process in dynamic geographical contexts and we introduce our research motivations. Then we present our multi-agent geosimulation-based approach and we identify its characteristics. We address next three main problems. The first problem concerns modeling of dynamic geographical phenomena. We stress the limits of existing models and we present our model which is based on the concept of spatio-temporal situations. Particularly, we explain how we define our spatio-temporal situations based on the concept of cognitive archetypes proposed by the linguist J-P. Desclés. The second problem consists in transforming the results of multi-agent geosimulations into a qualitative representation expressed in terms of spatio-temporal situations and represented using the conceptual graphs formalism. We present the different steps required for such a transformation. The third problem concerns causal reasoning about spatio-temporal situations. In order to address this problem, we were inspired by works of causal reasoning research community to identify the constraints that must hold to identify causal relationships between spatio-temporal situations. These constraints are 1) knowledge about causality, 2) temporal causal constraints and 3) spatial causal constraints. These constraints are used to infer causal relationships among the results of multi-agent geosimulations. Finally, we present MAGS-COA, a proof on concept that we implemented in order to evaluate the suitability of our approach as a support to real problem solving. The main contributions of this thesis are: 1- An approach based on multi-agent geosimulation to support COA’s “What if” analysis in the context of virtual geographic environments. 2- The application of a model proposed in the linguistic research community to a problem of interest to spatial reasoning research community. 3- A qualitative model based on cognitive archetypes to model spatio-temporal situations. 4- MAGS-COA, a platform of simulation and qualitative analysis of spatio-temporal situations. 5- An algorithm to identify causal relationships between spatio-temporal situations

8th. International congress on archaeology computer graphica. Cultural heritage and innovation

El lema del Congreso es: 'Documentación 3D avanzada, modelado y reconstrucción de objetos patrimoniales, monumentos y sitios.Invitamos a investigadores, profesores, arqueólogos, arquitectos, ingenieros, historiadores de arte... que se ocupan del patrimonio cultural desde la arqueología, la informática gráfica y la geomática, a compartir conocimientos y experiencias en el campo de la Arqueología Virtual. La participación de investigadores y empresas de prestigio será muy apreciada. Se ha preparado un atractivo e interesante programa para participantes y visitantes.Lerma García, JL. (2016). 8th. International congress on archaeology computer graphica. Cultural heritage and innovation. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/73708EDITORIA