Hacia un envejecimiento responsable: Las reformas de los sistemas pensionales América Latina

Durante buena parte de la era previa a la globalización, desde la década de 1860 hasta la I Guerra Mundial, Estados Unidos mantuvo aranceles sorprendentemente elevados. Los historiadores que se ocupan del tema económico actual han sugerido que el proteccionismo de EE. UU. fue producto de una `reacción violenta` contra la globalización que fue el comienzo de su fin. También han sostenido que esa reacción violenta encierra una enseñanza para el presente: específicamente, que debemos ocuparnos de las desigualdades de la distribución que engendra la globalización, o de lo contrario la globalización volverá a sembrar la semilla de su propia destrucción. Demuestro que los aranceles de EE. UU. no fueron el producto de una reacción violenta. Un recuento de ideas sobre economía en EE. UU. durante el Siglo XIX concentrado en dos comisiones arancelarias en 1866-1870 y 1882 revela que las ideas debatidas en los círculos intelectuales y de políticas de ese entonces no mostraban señal alguna de una reacción violenta contra la globalización. La característica importante de la historia intelectual y arancelaria de EE. UU. no es una reacción violenta contra la globalización, sino más bien la falta, en la mayoría de los recuentos históricos, de ciertos pensadores e ideas que fueron fundamentales para la discusión. Por consiguiente, la enseñanza que encierra la historia para la actualidad no es que debemos ocuparnos de las desigualdades de la globalización. (Es probable que esa enseñanza se mantenga o quede fuera de la historia). En vez de eso, se trata de que necesitamos ocuparnos de la idea de la reacción violenta, la cual tiene un asidero en la historia más profundo que los elementos de juicio. La enseñanza implica que para entender el presente y el futuro de la globalización, lo que se necesita son recuentos históricos de las ideas.

Canton, Maine Town Records, 1829-1916

A collection of town records of Canton, Maine (1829-1916). Included is a ledger dated 1842 listing taxes assessed on real estate and personal property of residents, another from 1882 listing property valuations and taxes assessed, a pocket valuation and list book for 1916, and a small collection of tax records from years between 1874 and 1900. The collection includes a small collection of records from the selectmen\u27s office from 1829 to 1868; a collection of bills presented to the town between 1839 and 1904, including bills to the town treasurer, 1874-1904, for school expenses, teacher salaries, upkeep on school buildings, etc.; a small collection of school district records from 1875 to 1901; and warrants for town meetings from 1826, 1847, 1872, 1894, and 1901. Town farm accounts, 1895 and 1900, plus a list of voters, 1899, are also found in the collection.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/findingaids/1470/thumbnail.jp

A community of physicians : the rural New York medical practices of David Hanford (1816-1844), Jonathan Johnson (1823-1829), and George M. Teeple (1847-1872)

Manuscript records open a window to past events and cultures, often serving as a source of information the like of which is not available in printed form. An examination and analysis of three rural New York State physician\u27s case record books, maintained during the nineteenth century, provides insight not only into the evolution practice of medicine, but also serves to highlight the differences between rural and urban routines. Case records produced during the first half of the nineteenth century, such as those of David Hanford, who practiced between 1816 and 1844, and Jonathan Johnson, who left records of his medical practice dating from 1827-1829, demonstrate aggressive plans of treatment. These two physicians were representative of the time in which they practiced, as they frequently applied techniques of bleeding, and prescribed copious quantities of pharmaceuticals. George M. Teeple, whose case records cover the period from 1847-1872, was much less aggressive in his application for medical therapeutics. He preferred to rely on the power of nature. These medical records, when compared not only to each other, but also to published accounts or urban practices, define rural medical practice

Царський і республіканський Рим в антикознавчих дослідженнях М.П. Драгоманова

У статті розглянуто особливості вивчення та рецепції римської історії VIII–I ст. до н. е. в антикознавчих студіях М. Драгоманова. Зроблено висновок, що дослідження М. Драгоманова з історії Риму вплинули на формування наукових і суспільно-політичних поглядів вченого, а також Лесі Українки та І. Франка.In the article peculiarities of study and reception of Roman history VIII–I centuries B.C. in M. Drahomanov’s classical researches are highlighted. The author concludes that M. Drahomanov’s Roman classical studies influenced on formation of scientific and political views of M. Drahomanov, Lesya Ukrainka, I. Franko

‘Emigrants of the labouring classes’: Capital, labour and learning in Wellington, 1840-45

Questions of space and place are of increasing interest to educational researchers. A recent synopsis of “educational geography” identifies Henri Lefebvre as a particularly “overarching presence in the educational appropriation of spatial theories with many researchers referring to his work on perceived, conceived and lived space” (Gulson and Symes, 2007, p.101). Physical, or perceived, space is that of everyday embodied “spatial practices” in everyday life: “social practice, the body, the use of the hands, the practical basis of the perception of the outside world” (Lefebvre, 1974, p.38). Abstract, or conceived, space, a product of capitalism, “includes the ‘world’ of commodities, its ‘logical’ and its worldwide strategies; as well as the power of money and that of the political state” (Lefebvre, 1974, p.53). “Representations of space” are the charts, texts or maps of these rationally determined enclosures, including those of “cartographers, urban planners or property speculators” (Shields, 2004, p. 210). Enacting technologies of domination, these introduce “a new form into a pre-existing space – generally a rectilinear or rectangular form such as a meshwork or chequerwork” (Lefebvre, 1974, p.139). Lived, or social, space includes the realm of the imagination that “has been kept alive and acceptable by the arts and literature. This ‘third space’ not only transcends but also has the power to refigure the balance of popular ‘perceived space’ and official ‘conceived space’” (Shields, 2004, p. 210). The artistic and other expressions of “lived space” are referred to as “representational spaces.” In capitalist societies, Lefbvre argued, the abstract appropriations of “conceived space”, and textual representations of this space, gain ascendency

A constitutional study of the Church of England in Australia, 1847-1872

There have always been those who prefer to see the building up of an organisational framework for the Church as detracting from its main task. But it has not been the form or extent of organisation which has determined whether the wider work of the Church has been helped or hindered; rather, it has been the ease with which that organisation has been able to adapt to changing circumstances which has been important. In the nineteenth century, the various churches in the Australian colonies all had to search for a means whereby this could be accomplished. This study is concerned with the efforts of the Church of England to do this during some of its most crucial years. Earlier studies involving this field fall into two main categories. Some have been rightly concerned with constitutional developments in one or other of the various dioceses or with the lives of those who led them. Others, fewer in number, have been too comprehensive in either scope or time to give the constitutional aspects of the Church's development the attention and the interpretation which they require. Much of this development still remains to be examined in detail; but it is my hope that this study goes some way towards filling the gaps which have been left. For at least one contemporary observer, the subject of colonial church government was “undoubtedly one not only of very great practical importance, but also of very great practical difficulty". This would be a fair judgement still. One of the most pressing difficulties has been the scattered and fragmentary nature of the various records. Few are complete in themselves; some have disappeared altogether. The attention which this study gives to the roles of the various bishops reflects more than the key, often dominant part which they played in the life of the Church in Australia, and the moral authority which attaches to the episcopal office. It also reflects the relative lack of sources which throw light on the attitudes and activities of the leading members of the clergy and laity. As for the ordinary Anglican in the Australian dioceses of a century ago, he least of all left any record of what he felt, and why. Even where published records do survive, much was often left unsaid. But if the difficulties have been important, so have the rewards. The counsel and encouragement of Mr D.W.A, Baker and Mrs. B.R. Penny, both of the Australian National University, has earned my continuing gratitude. I am grateful to Mr. S.C. Bennett, also of the A.N.U., for his assistance in various ways, and to many people at the Royal Military College who provided support for research undertaken out of Canberra. The staffs of the Latrobe, Oxley, Mitchell, and Bridges Memorial Libraries have been of assistance in various ways, as have many people at the State Archives of Tasmania, the Queensland Parliamentary Library, and the Library of Lambeth Palace, London. Special acknowledgement is due to the librarians at St. Mark’s Institute of Theology and at the National Library of Australia, Canberra. The Registrars of the diocese of Sydney (successively the Right Reverend H.G.S. Begbie and Mr. John Denton) and of the diocese of Melbourne (successively Mr C.W.H. Barnes and Mr. W. Feltham) have been unfailing in their patience and assistance. Mrs. E.H. Colville readily gave me permission to use the papers of her great-grandfather, Archbishop Tait. Many others, too numerous to mention individually, have given generously of their time and advice whenever I sought it. The typing has been the work of Miss Marion Parkins (now Mrs. Connors), to whom my thanks are due. For the unfailing support of my wife throughout this project, I am especially grateful