Body mass index trends in the period 2012–2022 and lifestyle habits of primary school children in the Split-Dalmatia County

Abstract

Uvod: U posljednjem desetljeću je dječja pretilost postala ozbiljan javnozdravstveni problem, a do dodatnog povećanja prevalencije je došlo pojavom COVID-19 pandemije. Kako bi djeca stekla životne navike koje će zadržati u odrasloj dobi, potrebno je slijediti preporučene smjernice za tjelesnu aktivnost, sedentarni način života i duljinu spavanja. Cilj prvog istraživanja je bio ispitati je li indeks tjelesne mase (ITM) bio viši tijekom pandemije od razdoblja prije pandemije, koristeći trendove vezane uz spol, urbano-ruralno područje i status tjelesne aktivnosti djece u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji (SDŽ). Cilj drugog istraživanja je bio uvidjeti razine tjelesne aktivnosti, sedentarnog načina života i duljine spavanja kako bi se uočile razlike između djece u odnosu na urbano-ruralno područje i spol u SDŽ-u. Metode: Prvo retrospektivno istraživanje je obuhvaćalo podatke sa sistematskih pregleda cjelokupne populacije osnovnoškolske djece u SDŽ-u u razdoblju od 10 godina. U analizi je sudjelovalo ukupno 103804 učenika prvih, petih i osmih razreda. Drugo presječno istraživanje je uključivalo 648 roditelja/staratelja koji su ispunili upitnik za učenike petih razreda osnovnih škola iz SDŽ-a u dobi od 10 i 11 godina. Rezultati: Prvim istraživanjem je utvrđeno da su tijekom pandemije porasle vrijednosti ITM-a kod svih učenika, osim kod djevojčica osmih razreda. U 10-godišnjem razdoblju je ustanovljeno da su učenici prvih razreda iz urbanih područja bili prekomjerno tjelesno teži i pretiliji, dok su u ruralnim područjima veći problem imali peti i osmi razredi. Djevojčice su bile prekomjerno tjelesno teže i pretilije u prvim i osmim razredima, a dječaci u petim razredima. Smanjena tjelesna aktivnost je utjecala na povećanje ITM-a kod oba spola, a posebice djevojčica. Tijekom pandemije se situacija dodatno pogoršala. Drugo istraživanje je pokazalo da djeca iz urbanih područja provode više vremena u tjelesnoj aktivnosti i sedentarnom načinu života. Dječaci su bili tjelesno aktivniji, dok su djevojčice više boravile u sedentarnom načinu života, osim u korištenju električnih uređaja vikendom. Nisu postojale urbano-ruralne i spolne razlike glede ukupne duljine spavanja. Djeca iz ruralnih područja su spavala dulje kad je škola bila ujutro. Djevojčice su spavale dulje od dječaka kada je škola bila popodne. Zaključci: Ova istraživanja mogu biti korisna javnozdravstvenim djelatnicima, kineziolozima i stručnjacima iz obrazovnog sustava, s ciljem razvoja strategije za promicanje svijesti o zdravim životnim navikama kod djece te kreiranja novih politika za SDŽ i okolne regije koje su gospodarski i kulturološki slične.Introduction: In the last decade, childhood obesity has become a serious public health problem, and an additional increase in prevalence occurred at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. In order for children to acquire life habits that they will keep in adulthood, it is necessary to follow the recommended guidelines for physical activity, a sedentary lifestyle and the sleep duration. The aim of the first research was to investigate if the body mass index (BMI) increased during the pandemic compared to the period prior, analyzing trends associated with sex, urban-rural area, and physical activity status of children in Split-Dalmatia County (SDC). The aim of the second research was to analyse the level of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle and sleep duration in order to observe the differences between children in relation to urban-rural areas and sex in SDC. Methods: The first retrospective research encompassed data derived from physical examinations of the complete population of primary school children within the SDC, conducted over a span of ten years. A total of 103,804 first, fifth and eighth grade students participated in the analysis. The second cross-sectional research included 648 parents/guardians who filled out a questionnaire for 10- and 11-year-old fifth-grade primary school students from SDC. Results: The first research findings showed that BMI values increased during the pandemic in all students, except for eighth-grade girls. In a period of 10 years, first-graders from urban areas were excessively overweight and obese, while fifth- and eighth-graders in experienced these problems in rural areas. In the first and eighth grades, girls exhibited higher rates of overweight and obesity, while boys were in the fifth grade. A decline in physical activity has been associated with an increase in BMI for both boys and girls, with a particularly pronounced effect observed in girls. During the pandemic, the situation further worsened. Second research showed that children from urban areas spend more time in physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle. Boys were more physically active, while girls were more sedentary, except for the use of electrical devices on weekends. There were no urban-rural and sex differences regarding the total sleep duration. Children from rural areas slept longer when school was in the morning. Girls slept more than boys when school was in the afternoon. Conclusions: This research can be useful to public health professionals, kinesiologists and experts from the educational system, with the aim of developing a strategy to promote awareness of healthy lifestyle habits among children and create new policies for SDC and surrounding areas that show economic and cultural parallels

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Last time updated on 24/04/2025

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