Influence of Schopenhauer's philosophy on educational pessimism

Abstract

U ovom radu dan je svojevrstan prikaz promišljanja odgoja i obrazovanja dvojice glasovitih filozofa zapadnoeuropske kulture, Arthura Schopenhauera i Friedricha Nietzschea. Ono što povezuje njihovu filozofiju odgoja i obrazovanja jest težnja za što potpunijim oblikovanjem čovjeka. Nietzsche je veliki pristalica Schopenhauerova shvaćanja filozofije kao filozofije života. No, dok je Schopenhauer ostao zatočen u svijetu pesimizma, Nietzsche je pesimističku viziju svijeta prevladao likom kreativnog umjetnika koji stalno pokreće život, uživajući u vlastitoj umjetnosti življenja. Ono što im je zajedničko, to je ekstremni individualizam – shvaćanje filozofije kao oslobađanje unutarnjega života. Arthur Schopenhauer pojmio je čovjeka kao biće volje koje podliježe zakonitostima prirode i nižih razina čovječnosti, volji i strastima. Friedrich Nietzsche pojmio ga je kao biće volje k moći, naglasivši moć onog nagonskog i iracionalnog. Dok je Schopenhauer dao pesimističku viziju čovjeka u vlasti neutažive volje za život, Nietzsche je dao nihilističku sliku svijeta, rušenje starih vrijednosti i njihovo dotrajavanje. Nihilist je, po Nietzscheovu mišljenju, netko kojemu se sve pojavljuje kao besmisleno i uzaludno. Arthur Schopenhauer izvršio je važan utjecaj, ne samo na Friedricha Nietzschea, već i na neke druge velikane svoga doba, no oni većinom nisu podupirali njegovu filozofiju u cjelini. Razumijevanje svijeta na Schopenhauerov način zaživjelo je, u pravom smislu riječi, tek krajem 19. stoljeća i kasnije, upravo zahvaljujući Friedrichu Nietzscheu. To je bilo doba u kojem su se društvene znanosti konačno počele razvijati odvojeno, ali su jedna drugu nadopunjavale. Zbog njihova međudjelovanja bilo je i moguće da Schopenhauer, a preko njega i Nietzsche, imaju tako velik utjecaj na europski duhovni život.This paper gives a particular overview of reflections on education by two renowned philosophers of West European culture, Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche. What links their philosophy of education is the inclination towards the more complete shaping of a man. Nietzsche is a great supporter of Schopenhauer's understanding of philosophy as a philosophy of life. However, while Schopenhauer remained imprisoned in the world of pessimism, Nietzsche overcame the pessimistic view of the world with the image of a creative artist who constantly sets his life in motion, while enjoying his own art of living. The thing they have in common is extreme individualism – the understanding of philosophy as the liberation of inner life. Arthur Schopenhauer perceived a man as a being of will that succumbs to laws of nature and the lower levels of humanity – will and passion. Friedrich Nietzsche saw a man as a being of will for power, emphasizing the power of the urgent and irrational one. Schopenhauer gave the pessimistic view of a man who is under the power of an unquenchable lust for life, whereas Nietzsche gave a nihilistic view of the world, in which he advocated demolishing and putting an end to the old values. In Nietzsche's opinion, a nihilist is someone who sees everything as pointless and futile. Arthur Schopenhauer had a great influence, not only on Friedrich Nietzsche, but also on some other great men of his time, who mostly did not support his philosophy in its entirety. Understanding the world in Schopenhauer's way came to life at the end of the 19th century and later, primarily because of Friedrich Nietzsche. This was an era in which social sciences finally began to develop separately, but at the same time complement each other. Due to this interaction, it was possible for Schopenhauer, and through him also for Nietzsche, to have such a great influence on the European spiritual life