Analysis of influenza A viruses from gulls: An evaluation of inter-regional movements and interactions with other avian and mammalian influenza A viruses

Abstract

<p>Birds, including members of the families Anatidae (waterfowl) and Laridae (gulls and terns), serve as the major reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs). The ecogeographic contributions of gulls to global IAV dynamics, in terms of geographic scale and virus movements, are important and are distinct from those of waterfowl. Gulls primarily carry the H13 and H16 subtypes, yet can be infected by additional subtypes. Also, gulls are frequently infected by IAVs that contain mixtures of genes from different geographic phylogenetic lineages (e.g. North American and Eurasian). The present analysis examines a variety of viruses isolated from gulls and terns across the world that exhibit particularly high phylogenetic affinities to viruses found in other hosts. This illustrates the potential for gulls to act as highly pathogenic virus carriers, disseminators of viruses over long distances, and contributors in the genesis of pandemic strains. The historical evolution of an entirely Eurasian gull virus isolated in North America was also traced and indicates the Caspian Sea, in southwestern Asia, was an important area for the generation of this virus, and analysis of IAVs from terns also points to this region as relevant for the generation of novel strains.</p