Biocompatibility of Chitosan/Collagen/PVA Nanocomposite Containing Calcium Apatite

Biopolymer-based nanocomposites containing bone minerals have been used intensively as bone- graft in various broken bone accidents. Main objective of this work is to prepare and characterise biocompatible chitosan/collagen/PVA nanocomposites containing calcium apatite suitable for bone-graft engineering. The calcium apatite nanofillers were prepared by calcination of cow bones at 830oC for 3 hours, followed by ball-milling and ultrasonication processes and characterization using particle size analysis (PSA) and electron scanning microscopy (SEM). It was found that particle siz of the filler ranging between 100-8000 nm due partial aglomersation. The bone-graft nanocomposites specimens were prepared with various calcium apetite loading (0-10%) in constant ratio (1:1:1) of chitosan/collagen/PVA biopolymers. Compression strength of the nanocomposites containing optimum filler of 6% was found 2.01 MPa, its density was 1.19 g/cm3 and its water absorption capacity 58.3% and biodegradation rate 2.67%/day. Degree of biocompatibillity of the bone-graft was revealed after its implementation in mice tissue which did not show any histopathological effect after 14 days

Toll-Like Receptor 3-4 Expression Decrease in BALB/c Diabetic Mouse Models

In this study, we observed the effect of propolis extract on immunological function in diabetic mouse models with the aim of highlighting the dynamics of immunological status in type-2 diabetes. In this study we tested the ability of propolis to normalize homeostasis. Here we showed that propolis improve homeostasis by slightly increasing the level of TLR expression. The results of this study differ from previous findings which reported that TLR expression increased in diabetes mellitus and most treatment is intended to suppress the expression of TLR. In this study we found that TLR-3 and TLR-4 expression decreased in mouse models of STZ induced diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, we found that administration of propolis showed an increase of red blood cell precursors (TER-119) and improve the ratio of CD4:CD8 dependent manner

Effect of Leaf Extract Sirih (Piper betle L.) and on Future Soaking Time Freshness of Flowers Rose (Rosa sinensis L.)

Rose (Rosa sinensis L.) is one commodity florikulture important as a component in agribusiness systems and as an ornamental plant. Roses as an ornamental plant has two types, namely roses for the garden and roses for cut flowers. Cut flowers are marketed must have a good quality. One aspect of the desired quality is the life of a cut flower freshness long. Age freshness of cut flowers can be done by granting long soaking solution which is natural as a preservative. This study aims to get the right composition of the soaking solution between betel leaf extract, citric acid and sugar to prolong the freshness of roses. Results showed that betel leaf extract very significant effect on the diameter of the roses in full bloom at 2, 6, 8, and 10 DAT (Days After Treatment), 8 and 10 flower sepals DAT, the index rose florescence 8 and 10 DAT, the index kelayuan rose 6.8 and 10 DAT and organoleptic (color), real influence on organoleptic (texture) and had no significant effect on the diameter of flowers in full bloom 4 DAT, petal number 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 DAT, sepals index flower 2, 4 and 6 DAT, and florescence index rose2, 4 and 6 DAT. The best treatment is found in the treatment of betel leaf extract 200 g / L of water. Soaking time no real effect on the diameter of roses in full bloom, the number of petals, sepals index, the index rose florescence, indexes wilted roses and organoleptic (color and texture). Soaking time is best found in the soaking time of 9 days. There is a significant interaction between treatment betel leaf extract and soaking time on indexes sepals on 10 DAT and florescence index rose at 4 DAT

PREPARATION OF ANTI-IDIOTYPE ANTIBODY AS DIAGNOSTIC KIT IN RABIES SEROLOGICAL TEST

Serology remains the only way to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination of humans and animals against rabies. Many techniques for determining the level of rabies antibodies have been described, and all of the methods used rabies viruses as antigen. Indeed attenuated viruses can revert to a more virulent form, and inactivated virus may produce serious side effects. Anti-idiotype Ab can induce protective immune response against rabies virus, its means that anti-idiotype Ab can be used as surrogate antigen in serological test.The aim of this study is to prepare the anti-idiotype antibody (anti-idiotype Ab) as diagnostic kit in rabies serological test. Polyclonal anti-idiotype Ab were prepared in laying chickens and purified using affinity chromatography column for IgY. Rabbit anti dog immunoglobuline were prepared used New Zeeland White strain, and dog anti rabies serum were prepared from rabies immunized dog. For the preparation of the kit, it takes a few stages, i.e. the making of stocks A, stocks B and prototype diagnostic kit. Stocks A is a mixture of S. aureus Cowan I intact in solution of Tris Buffer HCl with rabbit anti dog serum in various comparisons (v/v). Stocks B is a mixture of rabies anti-idiotype Ab with rabies antibody (IgG anti rabies) are harvested from dog.Comparison of the obtained between whole S. aureus Cowan I and rabbit serum anti dog is 4~6:2~4. Optimization of stocks A and B based on the principle as follows: a merger of stocks A and B must not cause coagglutination. Formulation of aqueous stocks A and B will be a candidate when the diagnostic kits on the positive control produces coagglutination and negative controls do not produce coagglutination. The conclusions of this study is the anti-idiotype antibody can used and prepared as kit diagnostic with the principle of coagglutination by utilizing A protein of S. aureus

Histamine Levels in Repeated Thawing Beef

The aim of this research was to determine the histamine levels in repeated thawing beef. This research were using longisimus dorsi part (sirloin) of beef. Repeated thawing treatments of beef consisted of P1 as control without freezing, P2 as first thawing after one week freezing, P3 as second thawing without freezing two weeks and P4 with freezing three weeks. The slices of beef was storage in freezer at temperature of -20C every weeks for three weeks. The thawing process was done by storage in refrigerator at temperature of 6C for 270 minutes after being removed from the storage in freezer every weeks for three weeks. PIC (Protease Inhibiting Cocktail) methode were used to extraction of enzyme in beef. Enzyme Link Imunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were used to detected the histamine levels with 450 nm wave length. The quantitative data from parameters were analyzed by descriptive. The results of the study concluded that repeated thawing beef in refrigerator at temperature of 6C could decrease the histamine levels

Postpartum Coccydynia: an Anatomy Overview

Coccydynia is a term that refers to a painful condition in and around the coccyx. This symptom is typically a discomfort or pain which is felt when sitting for long time and when rising from sitting position. Many physiologic and psychological factors contribute to its etiology, but the majority of cases were found to be aggravated by pregnancy and childbirth (postpartum). Luxation and fracture of the coccyx are the two most common lesion of postpartum coccydynia. This poster shows an anatomy overview especially the coccyx to increase the understanding about this sympto

The Influence of MMP-3 towards MMP-9 among Emphysematous Patients from Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Sputum

The elevated activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 has been responsible for degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) within lung parenchyma leading to emphysema among patientssuffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Prolonged exposure of smokinghad triggered activation of both MMP-9 and MMP-3. Active MMP-3 might degrade numerous kinds of ECM and act as MMP-9 inducer as well. The study aimed to correlate active MMP-3 towards elevated MMP-9 activity from both gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and sputum to assess breakage of extracellular matrix (ECM) among emphysematous patients. Fifteen emphysematous respondents suffering from COPD were recruited to undergo thoroughly physical assessment, spirometry, and radiological examination. Then, both GCF and sputum were collected for measurement of MMP-3 and MMP-9 activity. Results showed that MMP-3 activities were correlated positively and significant with elevated MMP-9 activities from both GCF and sputum i.e. r = 0.899 (p0.05) and r = 0.770 (p0.05) respectively. Smoking exposure released many radicals and oxidants generating elevation of MMP-3 activity which then influenced repeatedly influx of neutrophils and activation of MMP-9. The role of active MMP-3 also involved in either acute inflammatory or broad ECM breakage. Moreover, active MMP-9 might lead mainly the degradation of ECM within lung parenchyma. Because of similar effect and impact concerning ECM degradation, both active MMP-3 and MMP-9 might concurrently cause larger breakage of ECM leading to lung emphysema among COPD patients. This study showed that both GCF and sputum would be assigned to evaluate active MMP-3 and MMP-9 for assessing ECM degradation among emphysematous patients

Morphology and Parasitaemia Development of Plasmodium berghei in Balb/c Mice (Mus musculus)

Malaria is one of the most severe public health problems worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and disease in many developing countries, where young children and pregnant women are the groups most affected. Malaria disease caused by Plasmodium parasite have symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma or death. The present study is aimed to monitoring parasitemia level and percentage of parasite morphology as parasitaemia progresses. This research used Plasmodium berghei NK strain obtained from National University of Malaysia which originally from MR4, USA. Design used in this research was completely randomized design, with 2 treatments which were mice without infection and mice with infection of P. berghei parasite. Method used in this research was staining method of thin smear of blood using Giemsa stained and observed by microscopic. Parameter of observation were morphology and development of P. berghei at different level of parasitaemia (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%). The result showed from microscopic examination of blood slides prepared from the study animals indicated that the ring form was dominant stage obtained at all different stages of infection followed by trophozoite stage. Meanwhile schizont stage was the lowest stage obtained at all different stages observed

How to restore the Tropical Peat Swamp Forest in Aceh Province, Indonesia

This study aims to describe the condition of Tripa Peat Swamp Forest (TPSF) in the Province of Aceh Indonesia that has been converted from forest to oil palm plantation and mixed farms. The results showed that the degradation of the peat soil and the environment have occurred in the TPSF. Degradation of peat is characterized by the occurrence of changes in water holding capacity and changes in chemical and physical properties of soil. Environmental degradation is characterized by changes in groundwater levels and land subsidence. TPSF restoration efforts can be carried out in accordance with the directives of land use and land conservation and water managemen

Radiosensitivity and the Influence of Gamma Rays Irradiation on Local Samosir Shallots

Bulbs of localSamosir Shallot with the weight ranging from 1,3 to1,7 g were irradiated by several doses of gamma rays in order to investigate the radiosensitivity and the effects of irradiatons on the plants. Dry bulbs 2,5 months after harvest were exposed to gamma raysradiation ranging from 0 Gy to 20 Gy to determine their responses to radiation stress and the effective radiation dose for identification of Lethal dose 50 (LD50). Percentage of shoot growth was measured on 35th days after planting. The variation in morphological and agronomic characters were also determined. The results indicated that increasing doses of gamma irradiation had significant effect on shoot growth. Increasing in gamma rays doses from 0 Gy to 11Gy had little effect on percentage of shoot growth.With the increase in radiation dosesabove 11Gy, agreat reduction in percentage of shoot growth was observed in irradiated bulbs as compared to control. The LD50 values of local Samosir Shallot determined from linear regression analysis (using Curve-fit Analysis software) based on percentage of regenerated shoot growth was 11.60 Gy. There were also siqnificantdifferenciesbetweenregenerated plants growth from irradiated bulbs and control (unirradiated).Treated bulbs produced shorther plant lenght and less leave numbe