A New Case on Torture in Europe: Cestaro v. Italy

Articles published in or submitted to a Journal without I

Different Perspectives on Global Justice: a Fusion of Horizons

Cosmopolitanism contra Statism. Non-ideal Theory, Moral Analysis, Levels of Analysis and Fusion of Horizons. The Ideal Theory/Non-ideal Theory Distinction. Interactional Moral Analysis and Institutional Moral Analysis. Levels of Analysis and Levels of Causality and Responsibility. Fusion of Horizons. Cosmopolitanism and Statism. John Rawls’ Law of Peoples. Thomas Nagel’s Problem of Global Justice. Charles Beitz’s Cosmopolitan Liberalism. Thomas Pogge’s Negative Duty. Sebastiano Maffettone’s Liberal Internationalism. Resource Curse. The Distinct Nature of Natural Resource Wealth. Natural Resource Wealth and Overlapping Curses. Resource-Cursed Sub-Saharan Africa. The Nigerian Context. The Main Economic Aspect of the Nigerian Resource Curse: The Dutch Disease. The Main Political Economy Aspect of the Nigerian Resource Curse: Rent-Seeking. Corruption. Transparency. Conflicts. Pollution. The Nigerian Resource Curse Summarised. Angola: A Rich Country with Poor People. The Democratic Republic of Congo: What Is that Ought Not To Be. George Soros’ Analysis. The ‘Individual’ Level of Analysis or Level of Causality and Responsibility. The ‘Collective’ Level of Analysis or Level of Causality and Responsibility. The ‘Corporate’ Level of Analysis or Level of Causality and Responsibility. The ‘State’ Level of Analysis or Level of Causality and Responsibility. The ‘Global Institutional Order’ Level of Analysis or Level of Causality and Responsibility. Some Moral Quandaries Concerning Contributory Roles. Some Moral Quandaries Concerning Degrees of Responsibility. The Primary and Secondary Applications of Cosmopolitanism and Statism. Is the Fusion of the Cosmopolitan and Statist Horizons Plausible? The Mutual Exclusivity Argument. The Incompatibility, Relativism, Neutrality and Aerial View Arguments. Fusion of Horizons Accommodates the Complexity of Resource Curse. Fusion of Horizons: A New Perspective on Global Justice that Negates Cosmopolitanism and Statism?Cosmopolitanism contra Statism. Non-ideal Theory, Moral Analysis, Levels of Analysis and Fusion of Horizons. The Ideal Theory/Non-ideal Theory Distinction. Interactional Moral Analysis and Institutional Moral Analysis. Levels of Analysis and Levels of Causality and Responsibility. Fusion of Horizons. Cosmopolitanism and Statism. John Rawls’ Law of Peoples. Thomas Nagel’s Problem of Global Justice. Charles Beitz’s Cosmopolitan Liberalism. Thomas Pogge’s Negative Duty. Sebastiano Maffettone’s Liberal Internationalism. Resource Curse. The Distinct Nature of Natural Resource Wealth. Natural Resource Wealth and Overlapping Curses. Resource-Cursed Sub-Saharan Africa. The Nigerian Context. The Main Economic Aspect of the Nigerian Resource Curse: The Dutch Disease. The Main Political Economy Aspect of the Nigerian Resource Curse: Rent-Seeking. Corruption. Transparency. Conflicts. Pollution. The Nigerian Resource Curse Summarised. Angola: A Rich Country with Poor People. The Democratic Republic of Congo: What Is that Ought Not To Be. George Soros’ Analysis. The ‘Individual’ Level of Analysis or Level of Causality and Responsibility. The ‘Collective’ Level of Analysis or Level of Causality and Responsibility. The ‘Corporate’ Level of Analysis or Level of Causality and Responsibility. The ‘State’ Level of Analysis or Level of Causality and Responsibility. The ‘Global Institutional Order’ Level of Analysis or Level of Causality and Responsibility. Some Moral Quandaries Concerning Contributory Roles. Some Moral Quandaries Concerning Degrees of Responsibility. The Primary and Secondary Applications of Cosmopolitanism and Statism. Is the Fusion of the Cosmopolitan and Statist Horizons Plausible? The Mutual Exclusivity Argument. The Incompatibility, Relativism, Neutrality and Aerial View Arguments. Fusion of Horizons Accommodates the Complexity of Resource Curse. Fusion of Horizons: A New Perspective on Global Justice that Negates Cosmopolitanism and Statism?LUISS PhD Thesi

L'accertamento di questioni nell'arbitrato: la perizia contrattuale

In this work, the Author reconstructs and analyzes the institutional practice of perizia contrattuale. It can be called also expert determination, and It consists in a mechanism through which two subjects commission one or more third parties with specific technical-scientific skills – so called “periti,” field-experts – to verify a relevant technical matter in a legal relationship or a controversy. The verification is considered binding by the parties involved. The “history” about the phenomenon in question shows that it has been always compared to arbitraggio and arbitration. In short, the work is organized in six chapters. The first chapter begins with a short investigation into the historical context about arbitration and arbitraggio, in particular in the roman and medieval law. In the second chapter, the Author explains the main theories about perizia contrattuale; in this chapter there is also an evaluation about the irregular arbitration and a short investigation into institutions in other legal systems which have the same characteristics of perizia. The third chapter analyzes Spanish system of arbitration law; in this system perizia contrattuale is considered something different to arbitration. In the fourth chapter, that is the heart of the work, after a description of the main differences between perizia contrattuale and arbitraggio, the Author compares perizia contrattuale to arbitration. He analyzes also the contract of ascertainment, and finally he explains that perizia contrattuale is a particular kind of irregular arbitration; perizia and arbitration differ only with regards to the object of verification. In the fifth chapter, putting together the insights derived from the evolution of court decisions and making reference to the legal doctrine that has produced most in-depth studies of the phenomenon, the Author proposes the regulation of the phenomenon in question. In the last chapter there is an investigation into the contestation of perizia contrattuale.In this work, the Author reconstructs and analyzes the institutional practice of perizia contrattuale. It can be called also expert determination, and It consists in a mechanism through which two subjects commission one or more third parties with specific technical-scientific skills – so called “periti,” field-experts – to verify a relevant technical matter in a legal relationship or a controversy. The verification is considered binding by the parties involved. The “history” about the phenomenon in question shows that it has been always compared to arbitraggio and arbitration. In short, the work is organized in six chapters. The first chapter begins with a short investigation into the historical context about arbitration and arbitraggio, in particular in the roman and medieval law. In the second chapter, the Author explains the main theories about perizia contrattuale; in this chapter there is also an evaluation about the irregular arbitration and a short investigation into institutions in other legal systems which have the same characteristics of perizia. The third chapter analyzes Spanish system of arbitration law; in this system perizia contrattuale is considered something different to arbitration. In the fourth chapter, that is the heart of the work, after a description of the main differences between perizia contrattuale and arbitraggio, the Author compares perizia contrattuale to arbitration. He analyzes also the contract of ascertainment, and finally he explains that perizia contrattuale is a particular kind of irregular arbitration; perizia and arbitration differ only with regards to the object of verification. In the fifth chapter, putting together the insights derived from the evolution of court decisions and making reference to the legal doctrine that has produced most in-depth studies of the phenomenon, the Author proposes the regulation of the phenomenon in question. In the last chapter there is an investigation into the contestation of perizia contrattuale.LUISS PhD Thesi

La gestione delegata: la prestazione gestoria e la responsabilità degli amministratori non esecutivi

This thesis is concerned with normative and regulatory developments with regards to the evaluation and information duties of non executive directors. This study is conducted with reference to a medium size public company, which has adopted a traditional governance model and delegated its administrative functions either to single individuals or to an executive committee. The aim of this study is to establish what levels of performance a company can expect from it non-executive directors. As such it identifies the theoretical frameworks and analytical tools to establish the foundations and the limits of their liabilities. In particular, this thesis will highlight the importance of supervisory and monitoring function of the executive board and of the company's organizational, administrative and accounting structure in delivering an efficient and effective governance.This thesis is concerned with normative and regulatory developments with regards to the evaluation and information duties of non executive directors. This study is conducted with reference to a medium size public company, which has adopted a traditional governance model and delegated its administrative functions either to single individuals or to an executive committee. The aim of this study is to establish what levels of performance a company can expect from it non-executive directors. As such it identifies the theoretical frameworks and analytical tools to establish the foundations and the limits of their liabilities. In particular, this thesis will highlight the importance of supervisory and monitoring function of the executive board and of the company's organizational, administrative and accounting structure in delivering an efficient and effective governance.LUISS PhD Thesi

Le gare per la distribuzione del gas naturale: un'analisi teorica ed empirica

Auction design. Il servizio di distribuzione del gas naturale: una breve ricostruzione storico-normativa dagli affidamenti diretti alla concorrenza per il mercato. Il periodo transitorio e le gare per ambiti comunali: the long and winding road verso la concorrenza per il mercato. L’individuazione degli ambiti ottimali (ATEM): il giusto trade off tra efficienza, concorrenza e riduzione dei costi transattivi? Il Regolamento Criteri: una disciplina uniforme per ridurre le asimmetrie informative e i costi di transizione? Il ruolo nuovo di collaborazione tra gestori ed enti locali. La determinazione degli obblighi informativi e le forme di collaborazione tra enti e gestori. Il bando di gara e il disciplinare tipo: quale discrezionalità per la stazione appaltante? Il Regolamento Criteri: indebita restrizione dell’autonomia degli enti locali? Alcune considerazioni sulla funzione della delega di cui all’articolo 46 bis. Il contratto di servizio. Alla ricerca di un nuovo bilanciamento tra condizioni economiche e qualità del servizio. Incompletezza contrattuale, regolazione tariffarie ed investimenti: criticità e trade off della durata della concessione. Il combinato disposto normativo: una buona ricetta? Misure legislative e Valori di Rimborso. Strumenti regolatori e aspetti tariffari. Profili antitrust e aggregazioni. Operazioni di concentrazione GDF SUEZ/ITALGAS e ASCOPIAVE –EDIGAS/EDIGAS DUE: il mercato rilevante è Individuato a livello comunale. Concentrazione CPD/SNAM: il mercato rilevante è Il mercato nazionale? Operazione di concentrazione HERA-ACEGASAPS. Il caso Italgas-AcegasAps/IRG. Il giudizio davanti al giudice amministrativo.L’operazione di concentrazione HERA/AMGA. Il Caso Casalmaggiore: RTI come intesa restrittiva (per sé?) della concorrenza vs. giustificazioni efficientistiche. Il mercato della distribuzione gas oggi: un’analisi ex ante. Barriere all’ingresso. Una Fotografia Ex Ante.Auction design. Il servizio di distribuzione del gas naturale: una breve ricostruzione storico-normativa dagli affidamenti diretti alla concorrenza per il mercato. Il periodo transitorio e le gare per ambiti comunali: the long and winding road verso la concorrenza per il mercato. L’individuazione degli ambiti ottimali (ATEM): il giusto trade off tra efficienza, concorrenza e riduzione dei costi transattivi? Il Regolamento Criteri: una disciplina uniforme per ridurre le asimmetrie informative e i costi di transizione? Il ruolo nuovo di collaborazione tra gestori ed enti locali. La determinazione degli obblighi informativi e le forme di collaborazione tra enti e gestori. Il bando di gara e il disciplinare tipo: quale discrezionalità per la stazione appaltante? Il Regolamento Criteri: indebita restrizione dell’autonomia degli enti locali? Alcune considerazioni sulla funzione della delega di cui all’articolo 46 bis. Il contratto di servizio. Alla ricerca di un nuovo bilanciamento tra condizioni economiche e qualità del servizio. Incompletezza contrattuale, regolazione tariffarie ed investimenti: criticità e trade off della durata della concessione. Il combinato disposto normativo: una buona ricetta? Misure legislative e Valori di Rimborso. Strumenti regolatori e aspetti tariffari. Profili antitrust e aggregazioni. Operazioni di concentrazione GDF SUEZ/ITALGAS e ASCOPIAVE –EDIGAS/EDIGAS DUE: il mercato rilevante è Individuato a livello comunale. Concentrazione CPD/SNAM: il mercato rilevante è Il mercato nazionale? Operazione di concentrazione HERA-ACEGASAPS. Il caso Italgas-AcegasAps/IRG. Il giudizio davanti al giudice amministrativo.L’operazione di concentrazione HERA/AMGA. Il Caso Casalmaggiore: RTI come intesa restrittiva (per sé?) della concorrenza vs. giustificazioni efficientistiche. Il mercato della distribuzione gas oggi: un’analisi ex ante. Barriere all’ingresso. Una Fotografia Ex Ante.LUISS PhD Thesi

I nuovi strumenti di intermediazione finanziaria: qualificazione della causa e valenza economica dell’operazione di factoring

Profili economici e funzionali del factoring. Natura e qualificazione giuridica dell’operazione economica: una questione ancora aperta. La cessione dei crediti d’impresa: strumento essenziale per il perseguimento degli interessi giuridico – economici del contratto di factoring. L’operazione economica nel contesto internazionale e alcuni strumenti di finanziamento all'esportazione affini.Profili economici e funzionali del factoring. Natura e qualificazione giuridica dell’operazione economica: una questione ancora aperta. La cessione dei crediti d’impresa: strumento essenziale per il perseguimento degli interessi giuridico – economici del contratto di factoring. L’operazione economica nel contesto internazionale e alcuni strumenti di finanziamento all'esportazione affini.LUISS PhD Thesi

Development of Institutions on the Environmental and Technological Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Actors, Decisions and Path Dependence

This dissertation looks at Northeast Asia as a region composed of China, Japan and South Korea in order to understand the regional dimension of international cooperation. It takes the Tripartite Environment Ministers’ Meeting and the China-Japan-Korea Meeting on Information and Telecommunication Standards cases for comparative analysis. Its aim is to examine cooperation and decision-making under uncertainty and to explore how they affect institutional development and enhanced regional cooperation. Analysis of current cooperation activities as well as development of chosen cases illustrates interactions between individuals, organizations and states. Risks associated with decision-making affect behaviors of actors and self-reinforcement mechanisms of institutions creating path dependence.This dissertation looks at Northeast Asia as a region composed of China, Japan and South Korea in order to understand the regional dimension of international cooperation. It takes the Tripartite Environment Ministers’ Meeting and the China-Japan-Korea Meeting on Information and Telecommunication Standards cases for comparative analysis. Its aim is to examine cooperation and decision-making under uncertainty and to explore how they affect institutional development and enhanced regional cooperation. Analysis of current cooperation activities as well as development of chosen cases illustrates interactions between individuals, organizations and states. Risks associated with decision-making affect behaviors of actors and self-reinforcement mechanisms of institutions creating path dependence.LUISS PhD Thesi

Innovazione e concorrenza nel sistema finanziario

The dissertation takes as its point of departure the global financial crisis of 2007- 2008. While many factors contributed to the crisis, at its roots lies the circumstance that improvements in computer and telecommunication technology led to revolutionary changes in the structure of financial markets and institutions, which became increasingly globalized and interconnected, while a fragmented nationally-based approach continued to apply to financial sector regulation and supervision. Moreover, the financial crisis has brought to light that financial innovation has too strongly increased complexity of financial products, which have become too complex to understand. Problems of complexity affected financial practices such as securitization, but more broadly involved new securities design made possible by recent advances in theory of finance and by absence of regulation. Now, after the crisis, new rules apply to over the counter derivatives, a new mandatory disclosure system is in force, and some sort of product regulation is provided for in Europe by a new discipline governing intermediaries conduct. This study consists of two parts, besides a short introduction. The first part of the dissertation considers financial product innovation as means for competition, and in this view it makes an assessment of the new European regulatory framework on «product governance» (Mifid II Directive) and «product intervention» rules (Mifir Regulation), which in large part address investor protection issues. Such measures might serve well the purpose to tackle complexity in financial products, especially since complexity helped to maximize and to exploit the comparative informational advantage of intermediaries on end-users. On the other side, this thesis argues that in the new European regulatory framework some protection of intellectual property rights would be a balanced mechanism in order to avoid over-regulation effects on financial innovation. More precisely, a patent system for financial product innovation would likely increase R&D in “good” financial product design, thus indirectly improving financial market efficiency. The second part of the dissertation focuses on the problem of patent eligibility for financial products. In Europe, business method patentability is subject to limitations under Art. 52 EPC. The U.S. Patent Act does not provide for such limitations; yet business method patents are a hot topic also in the United States, where the Supreme Court recently elaborated a new patent eligibility test in its 2014 decision Alice Corporation v. CLS Bank International. The study offers an analysis of this issue and concludes with a slightly positive assessment of financial product patent eligibility both in the Europe and the U.S..The dissertation takes as its point of departure the global financial crisis of 2007- 2008. While many factors contributed to the crisis, at its roots lies the circumstance that improvements in computer and telecommunication technology led to revolutionary changes in the structure of financial markets and institutions, which became increasingly globalized and interconnected, while a fragmented nationally-based approach continued to apply to financial sector regulation and supervision. Moreover, the financial crisis has brought to light that financial innovation has too strongly increased complexity of financial products, which have become too complex to understand. Problems of complexity affected financial practices such as securitization, but more broadly involved new securities design made possible by recent advances in theory of finance and by absence of regulation. Now, after the crisis, new rules apply to over the counter derivatives, a new mandatory disclosure system is in force, and some sort of product regulation is provided for in Europe by a new discipline governing intermediaries conduct. This study consists of two parts, besides a short introduction. The first part of the dissertation considers financial product innovation as means for competition, and in this view it makes an assessment of the new European regulatory framework on «product governance» (Mifid II Directive) and «product intervention» rules (Mifir Regulation), which in large part address investor protection issues. Such measures might serve well the purpose to tackle complexity in financial products, especially since complexity helped to maximize and to exploit the comparative informational advantage of intermediaries on end-users. On the other side, this thesis argues that in the new European regulatory framework some protection of intellectual property rights would be a balanced mechanism in order to avoid over-regulation effects on financial innovation. More precisely, a patent system for financial product innovation would likely increase R&D in “good” financial product design, thus indirectly improving financial market efficiency. The second part of the dissertation focuses on the problem of patent eligibility for financial products. In Europe, business method patentability is subject to limitations under Art. 52 EPC. The U.S. Patent Act does not provide for such limitations; yet business method patents are a hot topic also in the United States, where the Supreme Court recently elaborated a new patent eligibility test in its 2014 decision Alice Corporation v. CLS Bank International. The study offers an analysis of this issue and concludes with a slightly positive assessment of financial product patent eligibility both in the Europe and the U.S..LUISS PhD Thesi

Reti di impresa: soggettività e disciplina fiscale. "Profili interni e prospettive europee"

Indagine sui profili interni. Il contratto di rete: l'istituto e la sua evoluzione. La soggettività giuridica delle reti d'impresa. La soggettività delle reti d'impresa ai fini dell'imposizione reddituale. Indagine sui profili sovranazionali. La fiscalità di vantaggio tra vincoli costituzionali e comunitari: le agevolazioni fiscali del contratto di rete.Indagine sui profili interni. Il contratto di rete: l'istituto e la sua evoluzione. La soggettività giuridica delle reti d'impresa. La soggettività delle reti d'impresa ai fini dell'imposizione reddituale. Indagine sui profili sovranazionali. La fiscalità di vantaggio tra vincoli costituzionali e comunitari: le agevolazioni fiscali del contratto di rete.LUISS PhD Thesi

I rapporti tra regolazione e tutela della concorrenza nel settore delle comunicazioni elettroniche

The present study offers an in-depth economic and legal enquiry of the relationship between regulation and competition law in the electronic communications sector. It first investigates market failures and failures created by anticompetitive behavior, in light of the economic, legal, structural and historical peculiarities of the telecommunication domain. In this regards, the role of the essentiality of the infrastructure and the presence of facility-based and service-based competition mechanisms will be comprehensively addressed. The study further explores internal interferences between regulation and competition, scrutinizing the partly different aims pursued. The resulting scenario is extremely fragmented, including tendencies towards alignment, contraposition and juxtaposition. Indeed, from an analysis of the various obligations imposed on the incumbent operator by the regulator, a mosaic of diverse solutions are embraced, for instance in regards to cost-orientation requirements, prices tests, termination services, nondiscrimination and interconnection obligations. This complex architecture also affects the external linkages between regulation and competition, especially in terms of application of competition law to highly regulated sectors and the effects of reciprocal influences on their goals. In this respect, concerns associated with legal certainty, coherence in the enforcement of the law and in the application of sanctions come into play. This study additionally contributes to the current debate on technology innovation in network systems, addressing the concerns related to the preeminence of an incumbent in a regulated sectors. The issues stemming impose further analysis and policy recommendations tackling the need to overcome the present coordination breakdown between the incumbent and other operators, defined as the tragedy of the anticommons. Finally, the present study leads to a detailed critique of the hackneyed notion of competition law and regulation complementarity, arguing for a much more sounded “principle of regulatory consistency”, capable of tempering antitrust enforcement and warranting not purely pro-competitive objectives, but also fostering a pro-industrial policy. The author lastly warns against the inherent risks of the economic approach to competition law, whose obligations and remedies are applied following a “case by case” evaluation, often hampering the coherence of interventions and causing difficulties for market operators.The present study offers an in-depth economic and legal enquiry of the relationship between regulation and competition law in the electronic communications sector. It first investigates market failures and failures created by anticompetitive behavior, in light of the economic, legal, structural and historical peculiarities of the telecommunication domain. In this regards, the role of the essentiality of the infrastructure and the presence of facility-based and service-based competition mechanisms will be comprehensively addressed. The study further explores internal interferences between regulation and competition, scrutinizing the partly different aims pursued. The resulting scenario is extremely fragmented, including tendencies towards alignment, contraposition and juxtaposition. Indeed, from an analysis of the various obligations imposed on the incumbent operator by the regulator, a mosaic of diverse solutions are embraced, for instance in regards to cost-orientation requirements, prices tests, termination services, nondiscrimination and interconnection obligations. This complex architecture also affects the external linkages between regulation and competition, especially in terms of application of competition law to highly regulated sectors and the effects of reciprocal influences on their goals. In this respect, concerns associated with legal certainty, coherence in the enforcement of the law and in the application of sanctions come into play. This study additionally contributes to the current debate on technology innovation in network systems, addressing the concerns related to the preeminence of an incumbent in a regulated sectors. The issues stemming impose further analysis and policy recommendations tackling the need to overcome the present coordination breakdown between the incumbent and other operators, defined as the tragedy of the anticommons. Finally, the present study leads to a detailed critique of the hackneyed notion of competition law and regulation complementarity, arguing for a much more sounded “principle of regulatory consistency”, capable of tempering antitrust enforcement and warranting not purely pro-competitive objectives, but also fostering a pro-industrial policy. The author lastly warns against the inherent risks of the economic approach to competition law, whose obligations and remedies are applied following a “case by case” evaluation, often hampering the coherence of interventions and causing difficulties for market operators.LUISS PhD Thesi