Scientific Methodology in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Volume I, Building Philosophical Systems

This collection of primary sources examines scientific methodology in Britain during the long nineteenth century. Perhaps the most striking feature of nineteenth-century works on scientific method is the extent to which they were taken up by authors interested in writing large-scale, systemic works introducing, at one stroke, a philosophy of science, a view of what "good scientific practice" would look like, and investigations of logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. This volume presents the views laid out in the four largest and most important such treatises: Sir John F. W. Herschel’s Preliminary Discourse on Natural Philosophy, William Whewell’s History of the Inductive Sciences and Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, and John Stuart Mill’s A System of Logic, as well as other contributors to the philosophy of science in this period. This title will be of great interest to students of the history of philosophy and the history of science

Guidelines for assessments of the global information and communication technology sector's direct energy use and climate impact: Key aspects and future scenarios

Digital technologies are profoundly influencing all economic sectors and have potential to contribute towards a sustainable society. At the same time, the production, use and waste management of these technologies, which lie at the core of the economic sector of information and communication technology (ICT), are causing environmental impacts. Previous studies have applied life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology and life cycle thinking to assess current and future direct energy use and climate impact of the global ICT sector. These studies frequently arrive at contradictory results regarding future impacts. Calculation approaches applied differ significantly, the consideration of key aspects varies, fast-growing digital technologies are seldom included in future scenarios and uncertainty analyses are typically limited. The aim of this study is to develop guidelines for assessments of the current and future direct energy use and climate impact of the global ICT sector based on LCA methodology and life cycle thinking. The guidelines have been developed based on literature reviews, the authors’ aggregated and broad expertise in this topic and in workshops. Key aspects in influencing the current and future direct energy use and climate impact of the global ICT sector, covering its three subdomains of end-user devices, networks and data centres as well as all life cycle stages, are identified. These include, for example, the number of end-user devices, number of subscriptions and the annual electricity use of networks and data centres. The guidelines address challenges for practitioners and can contribute towards more transparent and coherent future studies

Pedagogical Construction Grammar

The theory of Construction Grammar can be applied for teaching purposes. The resulting framework, referred to as Pedagogical Construction Grammar (PCxG), is presented in this chapter, starting with its origin and main principles. Different pedagogical methods used in PCxG are discussed, including network-based instruction, structural priming and data-driven learning. Some of the few pedagogical resources developed for PCxG are described, such as the German Frame-Based Online Lexicon or the Construction Grammar of the English Language. The chapter ends with some limitations of PCxG as well as recommendations to further enhance the framework

The ḫallimu watercraft: a logistic provider for the Upper Persian Gulf

During the early to mid-1st millennium BCE, it was the ḫallimu watercraft that provided a nautical connectivity for a multi-ethnical community in the Upper Persian Gulf. Based on current knowledge from the Bēl-ibni and Eanna archive, the ḫallimu was exclusively used in the marshes and lagoon/khūr (ÍD.mar-rat) of the Sealand-Susiana region, manually propelled, and well-suited for transporting large quantities of war booty, commercial goods, and people. The ḫallimu was both inexpensive (12 shekels of silver) and quick to construct (during raids) meaning they were built from materials that were readily available in the marshes: reeds, or more likely, bulrush for their flexibility. Reed-bundled rafts, being the only type of watercraft depicted in the marsh context in Neo-Assyrian palace reliefs, support the hypothesis that ḫallimu refers to a reed-bundled watercraft. The reed-bundled watercraft in Neo-Assyrian iconography demonstrates variations in shape, which could be an adaptation to different purposes that the watercraft served in real life. Alternatively, like teutans and shāsh, they were handcrafted and thus show personalization in the design. The ethnographic data has provided valuable insights into the construction materials, the feasibility, and estimated time required to build a flotilla of ḫallimanu. The cargo capacity described in cuneiform texts offer an excellent dataset for further research, particularly through an experimental case-study. By testing the volume and cargo capacity per raft, as well as evaluating its fully loaded navigability, historians will be better equipped to assess the historical impact of these rafts, such as the ḫallimu, in fostering connectivity between wetland societies in the Persian Gulf region

Morality of mentality and culture: A registered replication and cross-cultural extension

Previous work has established that religious groups vary in the perceived moral status of “thought” versus behavior, with Protestants negatively evaluating people who entertain immoral thoughts more harshly than Jews (Cohen & Rozin, 2001). This work provided early evidence that religion is important in evaluating moral status. However, in the decades since this work, methodological and theoretical advances have suggested that a second glance might be necessary. In this Registered Report, we conducted a direct and conceptual replication of these earlier findings, including a cross-cultural extension in five countries, to investigate the influences of religious and national cultures on the relevance of immoral thoughts versus behaviors in evaluating the moral status of others. We replicate the original finding that American Protestants (but not Jews) consider immoral thoughts equally negatively as actions. We also observe substantial variation across cultures and religions, such that Americans were generally less condemning of immoral thoughts than members of the same religion in other countries. These results provide clues for further theorizing about how both country and religion shape moral judgment

The German caused motion and resultative constructions: learning challenges and construction-based teaching methodology

For some years now, Pedagogical Construction Grammar has inspired foreign language learning, which has been defined as ‘construction learning’ (Herbst 2016; Siepmann 2007 and 2015). Some German constructions like the caused motion construction and the resultative construction are frequent in the German press and in oral discourse, but problematic for French-speaking learners as they often have no equivalents in their native language. This is not surprising as French (L1) and German (L2) are characterized by a typological gap (Cenoz 2003; Paradis 1987). Not only is the syntactic structure of the caused motion and resultative constructions unusual in French, but a further issue is the question of which “fillers” (Diessel 2017; Handwerker 2015) can be used in these specific constructions. More specifically, verbs can be used in these constructions and combined with constructional slots which are not part of their valency. Comprehension tests about the caused motion construction conducted with French-speaking learners (Gallez 2016) have revealed that even intermediate or advanced learners have understanding difficulties. Starting from examples collected in German press articles and from the German deTenTen20 corpus of the SketchEngine, the aim of the presentation is, first, to offer a detailed description of these two German idiosyncratic constructions and to define the learning challenges related to them. In a further step the presentation focuses on the teaching of the constructions by proposing a pedagogical method designed not only to foster comprehension but also the acquisition of these constructions. This method is based on data-driven learning (DDL; Gilquin 2021 and 2022), which draws on authentic data from linguistic corpora. The presentation further discusses the design of DDL-based tasks, illustrated with concrete examples of the fake reflexive caused motion construction. With this methodology learners play an active role as they are asked to search for concrete instantiations in corpora and recognize regularities (Gilquin 2021: 230; Krekeler 2021: 161) in the constructional patterns or fillers. Literature Cenoz, Jasone (2003): The role of typology in the organization of the multilingual Lexicon. In Jasone Cenoz, Britta Hufeisen & Ulrike Jessner (eds.), The Multilingual Lexicon, 103-166. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Diessel, Holger (2019): The Grammar Network. How Linguistic Structure is Shaped by Language Use. Cambridge: CUP. Gallez, Françoise (2016): German caused motion constructions with ein-/in: a constructionist teaching methodology for French-speaking learners. Vortrag bei der Konferenz „Constructionist Approaches to Language Pedagogy“ (CALP II) an der Universität Basel im Juni 2016. Gilquin, Gaëtanelle (2021): Using corpora to foster L2 construction learning: A data-driven learning experiment. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 31(2): 229–247. Gilquin, Gaëtanelle (2022): Data-driven learning one’s way through constructions. In Gallez, Françoise & Hermann, Manon (Hrsg.): Cognition and Contrast/Kognition und Kontrast. Festschrift for/für Prof. Dr. Sabine De Knop, 197–209. Bruxelles: Presses de l’Université Saint-Louis Bruxelles. Handwerker, Brigitte (2015): Konstruktionen im L2-Lernformat: Orts- und Zustandsveränderungen in der Rezeption und Produktion des Deutschen als Fremdsprache. In Engelberg, Stefan, Meliss, Meike, Proost, Kristel & Winkler, Edeltraud (Hrsg.): Argumentstruktur zwischen Valenz und Konstruktion, 127–153. Tübingen: Narr/Francke/ Attempto. Herbst, Thomas (2016): Foreign language learning is construction learning: Principles of Pedagogic Construction Grammar. In De Knop, Sabine & Gilquin, Gaëtanelle (eds.): Applied Construction Grammar, 21–52. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. Krekeler, Christian (2021): Korpustraining und datengestütztes Lernen im Wirtschafts-deutsch-Unterricht. Zeitschrift für Interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht 26(1): 161–195. Paradis, Michel (1987): The Assessment of Bilingual Aphasia. Hillsdale and London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Siepmann, Dirk (2007): Wortschatz und Grammatik: zusammenbringen, was zusammenge-hört. Beiträge zur Fremdsprachenvermitlung 46: 59–80. Siepmann, Dirk (2015): Fremdsprachenlernen ist Konstruktionslernen. Vortrag beim Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Fremdsprachenforschung in Ludwigsburg. deTenTen20 corpus of the SketchEngine: https://app.sketchengine.e

On the use of industrial steel mill scale as a high-density energy carrier: Part II. Microstructural and chemical evolution over cycling

Recently, iron powder has been considered as a high-density energy carrier, or sustainable metal fuel. The potential of low-cost steel processing by-product, mill scale powder, was investigated in the first part of this study through two cycles of hydrogen-based direct reduction and combustion in a metal cyclonic burner. This second part focuses on the microstructural and chemical evolution of the powder over its cycling, using a combination of state-of-the-art microscopy (scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy, coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy), surface area BET measurements, x-ray diffraction and thermodynamic simulations. The distribution of the chemical elements is initially highly inhomogeneous and concentrated on the powder surface, but gets homogenised by the combustion process. New Ca and Si-rich oxide phase(s) form during the solidification of the combusted powders, while the remaining chemical elements (Mn, Cu, Ni, Ti, Al, Cr, Mg) remain in solid solution in the iron oxide phases. Enriched zones of Cu and Ni are observed in the Fe oxide nanoparticles, corresponding to their favoured evaporation, while Mn is homogeneously distributed in the Fe oxide nanoparticles. Si and Cr oxide nanoparticles are also detected, while Al hardly evaporates. A satisfactory heat release efficiency of 0.84–0.9 is measured for the reduced mill scale, even if slightly lower than pure Fe (0.88–0.91), confirming its potential for use as metal fuel

Beyond Legal Pluralism: Cosmopolitical Ethnography Of the Peasant Patrols in the Peruvian Andes

The Rondas campesinas (Peasant Patrols) are rural organizations that ensure the safety of communities through night watch, justice and local rural political management in the Andean region of Cajamarca (Peru). They have been mainly studied as an expression of legal pluralism. In contrast, this article propose a cosmopolitan ethnography of these organizations, taking into account the non-humans/magical beings that the peasants encounter during their night watch and the relationship between the Rondas campesinas and ‘witches’. The article show that Peasant Patrols have eroded the space of the other-than-human by keeping the night watch and that they have also reduce the power of the “brujos”. By doing so, the Peasant Patrols not only transform the way legal and political administration en los Andes peruanos but also redefine the contours of the human and the other-tan-human world in the rural communities

History in family memory

What do you know about your mother, your grandfather, your great-grandparents? Family memories, whether about personal events or events that mattered to a community, might be transmitted across generations and remembered by the descendance. The aim of this chapter is to discuss how cognitive psychology investigates the question of family memory and its transmission. We start by reflecting on how cognitive psychology has approached memory work and the underlying assumptions, emphasizing the aspects where our approach diverges. Arguing that cognitive psychologists should extend their focus beyond the individual, we then examine existing research on family memory and collective contexts. Next, we introduce the hourglass metaphor developed by our interdisciplinary team. We proceed to review our research on the intergenerational transmission of family (historical) memories. Finally, we consider social and political momentum