The presence and failure of big government in the coronavirus crisis

The COVID-19 pandemic has taken a significant toll on people across the world and leaders have had to tackle unforeseen challenges. From the time the outbreak was first identified in December 2019 to the time of publication, more than 24 million cases of coronavirus had been reported globally, resulting in more than 824,000 deaths. Many countries have taken various measures to combat the virus, but the wildly different responses and response timelines around the world resulted either in failures or successes, leaving people questioning which strategy works best. In this paper, the author examines the accounts of government failure in coronavirus responses in China, the United Kingdom, Italy, and the United States that contributed to the outbreak reaching unprecedented extremes. These government failures are contrasted with Sweden’s successful laissez-faire approach which serves as a crisis response model. In sum, in the attempt to combat the COVID-19 outbreak, governments expanded and squeezed out individual freedoms and liberties which will ultimately have lasting consequences in the post-pandemic world..Keywords. Big government, Government failure, Coronavirus.JEL. F21, F68, O53, K23

Protection of indigenous minority voting rights in the Ethiopian electoral system: The case of Harari National Assembly

Abstract. During the time of the election, indigenous minorities face enormous problems and difficulties. At times, their basic democratic rights are not always freely exercised. This paper explores the challenges encountered by one of Ethiopia’s indigenous minorities, the Hararis, during the sixth national election in Ethiopia. A descriptive, qualitative research method was used to investigate the nature of the problem and resolutions came up. Primary data (published legal documents, court cases and formal letters) were collected from various sources. The National Election Board of Ethiopia has inadvertently attempted to prevent the rights of indigenous minority Hararis (living in other parts of the country) from voting for candidates that form the Harari National Assembly. The basic reasons for the National Election Board to do so have no legal justification and are challenged by the federal and regional constitutions, particularly by articles explicitly addressing minorities and Hararis residing outside the Harari region to vote. The final decisions made by the federal cassation court were found to be correct, fair, acceptable, and in concurrence with the federal and regional constitutions. The study found out that the federal and regional constitutions of the country play a prominent role in protecting the rights of minorities to vote.Keywords. Indigenous minorities; Harari National Assembly; Election; National Election Board of Ethiopia; voting rights.JEL. F21, F68, O53, K23

The Privatization of Social Security in Chile 1980-Present

The following paper is an analysis of Chile’s pension reform from 1980 to today, in 2019. In this paper, the authors analyze the structure, implementation, and transition process of the reform, while also highlighting strengths and identifying weaknesses that can be improved upon. This information can be used to assist Chile in its current pension reform, as well as be used as a potential model for future countries looking to overhaul their pension system.Keywords. Privatization, Social security, Chile.JEL. F21, F68, O53, K23

Kidney disease, donation, and transplantation in East Africa

Abstract. The burden of kidney failure remains largely underreported in East Africa. Health systems face numerous challenges including a lack of kidney registries, shortages of trained skilled healthcare workers, a lack of diagnostic support, a lack of equipment, and underdeveloped policies to govern the provision of treatment for kidney failure. Kidney transplantation, an effective treatment option against kidney failure, is underused primarily because of its cost and the lack of laws governing it. In this paper, the author discusses the salient issues affecting kidney donation and transplantation in East Africa.Keywords. Risk factors, kidney donation, transplantation, compensation to donors, laws, costs, Uganda, East Africa.JEL. I11, I18

Front Matter

Front Matte

Utilizing microalgae as a local resource for fuels production in Papua province. A review: Strategies plans of biodiesel

Abstract. Papua province has abundant of natural resources that can be utilized as sources of bio-renewable energy fuels. Specifically highly demand from industrial sector in this particular case electricity consumption has led to the production of biodiesel from plant as a replacement of diesel fuel. From many biodiesel sources that are exist, microalgae has been selected as the main source of biodiesel production due to the highly oil content of this plant. In addition, alternative fuel such as bioethanol is also considered to be produced from the solid waste of microalgae biomass because of its carbohydrate level. Therefore, through this study, it is expected in the future Papua Province will be able to support its industrial and transportation sectors by utilizing local sources as fuels.Keywords. Papua Province, Electricity, Microalgae, Biodiesel, Bioethanol.JEL. D91, J24, J28, O14, Z22

Effect of crypto currency on the government backed currency

Abstract. As international financial systems are becoming political tools to manipulate the exchange of money for good, cryptocurrency, and its potential to avoid the international banking system becomes more popular. Thus, the question becomes what happens to the nation’s monitory system if cryptocurrency’s electronic payment transaction and system replace the current system?  Most nation’s central bank controls the financial systems, which affect institutions, rules, regulations, and laws of the land that affect this system. Robinson (2016) suggests money as a commodity in the national scope. International banks use BIC for transferring money with each other. Cryptocurrency, so far, does not need BIC to transfer money from one location to another.  Bitcoin, the system is a peer-to-peer internet currency allowing verified, and decentralized transfers of value between individuals and businesses. This article is a short introduction discussing the legacy money and cryptocurrency and the potential of cryptocurrency as a new currency and its possible implications.Keywords. Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, Currency, Money, Bitcoin, BIC, SWIFT.JEL. O30, O35, O36

Front Matter

Front Matte

Properties of the evolution of scientific fields: An inductive study in applied sciences

Abstract. The evolution of science is made possible when experimental results are compared with expectations from theory and are consistent. In this context, experimental physics, as applied science, plays a vital role for the progress of science in society. The experimental physics is a discipline where physics scholars have an intensive laboratory experience that concentrates on experiments for substantiating and/or challenging established and/or new theories in physics. No studies to date allows us to explain the endogenous processes that support the evolution of scientific disciplines and emergence of new scientific fields in applied sciences of physics. In fact, one of the fundamental questions in science is how scientific disciplines evolve and sustain progress in society. This study confronts this question here by investigating the evolution of experimental physics to explain and generalize, whenever possible, some characteristics of the dynamics of applied sciences. Empirical analysis suggests a number of properties about the evolution of experimental physics and in general of applied sciences, such as: a)scientific fission, the evolution of scientific disciplines generates a process of division into two or more research fields that evolve as autonomous entities over time; b)ambidextrous drivers of science, the evolution of science via scientific fission is due to scientific discoveries or new technologies; c)new driving research fields, the drivers of scientific disciplines are new research fields rather than old ones (e.g., three scientific fields with a high scientific production in experimental physics are emerged after 1950s); d)science driven by development of general purpose technologies, the evolution of experimental physics and applied sciences is due to the convergence of experimental and theoretical branches of physics associated with the development of computer, information systems and applied computational science (e.g., computer simulation). Results also reveal that average duration of the up wave of scientific production in scientific fields supporting experimental physics is about 80 years. Overall, then, this study begins the process of clarifying and generalizing, as far as possible, some characteristics of the evolutionary dynamics of scientific disciplines that can lay a foundation for the development of comprehensive properties explaining the evolution of science as a whole for supporting fruitful research policy implications directed to advancement of science and technological progress in society.Keywords. Research Fields; Scientific Disciplines; Scientific Fields; Evolution of Science; Dynamics of Science; Applied Sciences; Basic Sciences; Experimental Physics; Scientific Fission; Scientific Development; Scientific Paradigm; Branching in Science; Sociology of Knowledge; Scientific Knowledge; Philosophy of Science.JEL. A19; C00; I23; L30

Analyzing the influential factors of industry 4.0 in precision machinery industry

Abstract. Nowadays the science and technology progresses not only create the change to have a big impact on various industries, but also stimulate Industry 4.0 being applied in the manufacturing industry to achieve manufacturing efficiency and to reduce its cost to increase additional values. This study uses the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) evaluation method, which considers four criteria layers: Internet of things factors, Automationfactors, Intelligent factors, Big data factors, and twelve influence factors in sub-layer are: perceived layer, network layer, application layer, field layer, management layer, control layer, process control visualization, system supervisory and control omni bearing, green energy manufacturing production, variety, volume, and velocity. Then, the relative risk indicator (RRI) is obtained by the Analytical Hierarchical Process method, and the overall risk indicator (ORI) can be obtained after introducing the evaluation value of each impact factor through the case. The research results confirm that the risk assessment values obtained the hierarchical analysis method are consistent. This research through the Analytic Hierarchy Process, then discusses Industry 4.0 pair of Taiwan's precision machinery industry management pattern institute emphatically face with target, expected will provide the existing machine manufacture industry as well as the future wants to invest the precision machine industry the management policy-maker reference value, also might take the government policy consideration factors and the machine manufacture industry scholars study the academic for reference.Keywords. Industry 4.0, Precision machine industry, Analytic Hierarchy Process.JEL. L22, M11, O14