The effect of syrup simplex concentration on the physicochemical stability of Gembili’s inulin (Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill) nanosilver colloid

Gembili tuber's inulin is a successful bioreductor agent that forms a nanosilver with a size of 481.4 nm and is stable for 30 days at 4 °C storage. That nanosilver has immunomodulatory activity and is proven safe from the results of acute toxicity tests at a dose of 4 mg/kgBB. However, a drug delivery system is needed to be developed as a supplement product. The syrup was chosen because it is free of alcohol, has a better taste, measured dose, and stability of the active substance compared to elixir, solution, and suspension. Simplex syrup as a syrup base affects stability because it has the potential to form crystals during storage. This research aims to determine the effect of simplex syrup concentration on the stability of nanosilver syrup. The research was conducted with the biosynthesis process using gembili's inulin, nanosilver characteristic, modified syrup formula, and stability test. Nanosilver syrup was prepared by modifying the simplex syrup concentration of 20%, 40%, and 60%. Nanosilver was added at 4 mg/KB b.w, then tested the physicochemical; stability, including organoleptic, pH, and viscosity, before and after storage with temperature variations of 4 °C and 40 °C for six cycles. The best formula then analysis of sugar reduction content and FT-IR. Data analysis using SPSS 21.0 Windows with One-way ANOVA test, Post Hoc, and Paired T-Test. The results showed that the concentration of simplex syrup affected consistency, pH, and viscosity. The simplex syrup concentration of 60% met the requirement with a medium thick consistency, pH 5.25±0.03, a viscosity of 92±2.6 cps, reducing sugar content was 20.59% ±0.002, and the FTIR profile showed that it still contained nanosilver which was indicated by the presence of Ag-N groups compared to silver nitrate solution

Development of standardized kaffir lime fruit peel extract as a gel for antioxidant and anti-acne

This study aimed to determine the effect of increasing the concentration of the condensed extract of kaffir lime fruit peel in a gel dosage form on its physical quality and effectiveness. The condensed extract was obtained by maceration with 95% ethanol as a solvent. The dosage form chosen is a hydrophilic-based gel with a modification of the addition of a penetrant enhancer (IPM) and a solubilizer (Glycerin). The concentration of the condensed extract of kaffir lime fruit peel used were F1 (10%), F2 (15%), and F3 (20%). Gel preparations were tested for physical quality and effectiveness, consisting of antioxidant activity (IC50) and antibacterial (Zone Inhibition). Furthermore, the One Way ANOVA statistical method will analyze data from parametric experiments between batches and between formulas. If there is a significant difference in the statistical analysis between the formulas, then the test is continued using the Tukey Post-Hoc test method. The experimental results showed that increasing the concentration of kaffir lime peel extract (Citrus hystrix) affected the pH value, viscosity, dispersion, and effectiveness as an anti- acne and antioxidant. It was concluded that the anti-acne gel of extract F1, F2, and F3 were physically stable during storage, and based on the physical quality and effectiveness test it was known that F3 had the greatest zone inhibition (ZI): 13.87 ± 0.18 mm and IC50 :14.9049 mg/m

Inhibition breast carcinogenesis via PI3K/AKT pathway using bioactive compounds of Strychnine tree (Strychnos nux-vomica): in silico study

Breast cancer poses a significant global health challenge, with a notable prevalence in Indonesia. Given the intricate nature of breast cancer progression and classification, precise treatment strategies are imperative, particularly targeting signaling pathways like PI3K/AKT, pivotal in cell growth, proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. Bioactive compounds from the Strychnine tree demonstrate potential in enhancing apoptotic effects and inhibiting breast carcinogenesis. This potential is explored through in silico studies. This research aims to analyze potential targets of Strychnine tree compounds, along with binding energy and stability between ligands and receptors. Employing bioinformatics target analysis, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation, the study reveals AKT1 as a potential target of Strychnine tree compounds. These compounds inhibit AKT1 at both active and allosteric sites, displaying notably low binding energy scores. For example, brucine exhibits a binding energy of -10.83 kJ/mol at the active site, surpassing the standard capivasertib. However, lupeol, with a binding energy of -11.14 kJ/mol, falls short of the MK-2206 standard at the allosteric site. Molecular dynamics simulations expose fluctuations in parameters like RMSD, RMSF, and binding energy within the initial 5 ns. In conclusion, Strychnine tree compounds, such as brucine and lupeol, showcase potential AKT1 inhibition at both active and allosteric sites, enhancing apoptotic effects. However, the stability of these compounds in binding to their receptors within the first 5 ns of the simulation warrants further investigation for prolonged interactions.  

The antiviral activity of Laportea decumana methanolic extract against NDV virus

The avian species virus that causes Newcastle disease is an extremely contagious illness. Avian paramyxovirus 1, or Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a virus that brings harm to poultry's central nervous system and digestive tract. The NDV outbreak was initially documented in 1928 in Java, Indonesia. Newcastle disease does not currently require therapy. One popular and useful strategy for preventing and treating viral infections, such as Newcastle disease, is vaccination. With a variety of native medicinal plants and an abundance of biodiversity, Indonesia presents a promising area for biotechnology and pharmaceutical research. Laportea decumana, is a native plant in the Eastern part of Indonesia that contains alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, tannin, and saponin. Its cytotoxic, analgesic, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties have all been demonstrated. The antiviral properties of L. decumana have not been extensively researched. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine L. decumana's antiviral activity, particularly against NDV, using a variety of techniques, including the plaque assay, cytotoxicity test, and gene expression experiment. L. decumana extracts at 100 mikrogram per mL or less is a safe concentration to consider, as it still has 65 persen and above cell viability based on the results of the cytotoxic assay

DNA-based detection of Rat in the meatballs product using a real-time polymerase chain reaction method

The meat-based products are highly susceptible to counterfeiting, primarily due to high consumer demand of meat derivative products, such as meatballs. This demand creates opportunities for food fraud by specific industries, including adulterating meat with non-halal species, such as rats. This research aimed to detect rat meat contamination in meatball samples from the Indonesian local market using Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The RT-PCR amplification involved an initial denaturation step at 95°C for 3 minutes, followed by denaturation at 95°C for 15 seconds, and annealing/extension at 60°C for 1 minute. The rat-specific probe primer included in the kit produced an increasing curve in the External Positive Control (EPC) with a Ct value of 27.22, and no amplification occurred in the Negative Control (NTC). The analysis of 30 samples from meatball vendors yielded negative results, as there was no increase in the FAM (rat) curve, indicating that none of the meatballs were contaminated with rat DNA

Effects of Piper crocatum leaf extract-based ointments on bacteria associated with diabetic ulcers: an in vitro study

Diabetic patients with poor blood glucose control are highly susceptible to developing secondary infections, which can lead to the development of prolonged diabetic ulcers. Therefore, a suitable medication that may effectively prevent the occurrence of secondary infections is crucial to shorten the closure of diabetic ulcers. Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) reportedly possesses antimicrobial activity due to the presence of flavonoids. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of red betel leaf (EERBL) ointments against the most prevalent bacteria associated with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU): Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The EERBL was prepared by macerating powdered red betel leaf with 96% ethanol and was screened for the presence of flavonoids and the determination of total flavonoid content (TFC) by thin layer chromatography and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, respectively. This study examined three hydrophilic-based ointments containing 10%, 20%, and 30% EERBL, respectively, followed by characterization for pH, spreadability, stickiness, and viscosity. The EERBL ointments' effect on the bacteria was evaluated using the well-diffusion method by observing inhibition zone formation after 24-hour incubation. The results showed that varying the EERBL concentrations in the formulations led to different spreadability, stickiness and viscosity (p<0.05). Furthermore, all EERBL ointments demonstrated the formation of an inhibition zone on cultured media, indicating the presence of antimicrobial activity. The ointment with 30% EERBL had the largest diameter of the inhibition zone against both bacteria (p<0.05). The findings suggest enhanced antimicrobial activity was observed with an increase in the concentration of EERBL within the ointments

Ethnopharmacology study of medicinal plants utilization for antidiarrheal remedies by Tengger tribe in Tosari District, Indonesia

Tengger is one of the tribes in East Java Province, Indonesia practising traditional medicine by using mantras and medicinal plants. A disease with a high incidence rate and widely treated with medicinal plants in Indonesia, including in Tosari District, Pasuruan Regency, is diarrhoea. To conserve traditional medicine, mainly the utilization of medicinal plants as anti-diarrhoea agents, it is necessary to develop a database that keeps up with technological advances. The study aimed to determine medicinal plants utilization for antidiarrheal remedies by the Tengger tribe in four villages of Tosari District, Pasuruan Regency, namely Wonokitri, Tosari, Ngadiwono, and Podokoyo. The study employed the snowball sampling method, which involved conducting semi-structured interviews. The result showed nine medicinal plants for traditional antidiarrheal remedies, with Musaceae (23%) as the most widely used plant family. Most informants used immature plant (56.25%) and fruits (89.58%). In addition, most plants were administered orally (98%) without specific compounding methods (76%). The value of Factor of the informant's consensus (Fic) of plants used for diarrhoea was 0.74. The highest Fidelity Level (FL) and Choice Value (CV) were obtained from Elaeocarpus longifolius Blume at 69% and 2.4, respectively. Based on the findings of the study, E. longifolius has the potential to be further investigated for development in antidiarrheal treatment

The quality of life of hemodialysis patients in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The assessment of quality of life serves as a critical evaluation of the effectiveness of the administered hemodialysis treatment. The measurement of quality of life can be conducted using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form (KDQoL-SF™) questionnaire. This research aims to gather information concerning the quality of life among patients with hemodialysis due to chronic kidney failure at the dr. S. Hardjolukito Regional Military Hospital in Yogyakarta. The research employed a cross-sectional design. The respondents consisted of 65 patients selected through purposive sampling based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Independent T-test, Mann-Whitney test, Chi-Square test and Fischer test were conducted to define the association between quality of life and respondent characteristics. Most of the hemodialysis patients was male (50.8%) with average od age was 54.66 years old. The findings revealed that 64.6% of the respondents experienced moderate/poor quality of life, while 35.4% exhibited good quality of life. Statistical analysis established a significant relationship between respondent characteristics and quality of life based on the variables of age and duration of hemodialysis (p<0.05). Hemoglobin levels, number of prescribed medications, gender, education, occupation and income demonstrated no significant relationship with the quality of life. Among the respondents’ characteristics, age and duration of hemodialysis were associated with the quality of life

Antiparkinsonian Effect of Nutmeg Ethanolic Extract (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) in Haloperidol-induced Mice

Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurological illness that may be caused by a decrease in dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Myristicin, eugenol, and flavonoids, which are bioactive compounds in nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.), may be able to treat Parkinson's disease. The goal of this study was to find out the antiparkinsonian effect of nutmeg in haloperidol-induced Parkinson's disease mice. Induction with haloperidol was carried out intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days. Treatment with nutmeg uses three different doses (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) for 7 days orally. Behavioral testing is carried out using the Rotarod test and the cylinder test. The results showed that nutmeg at a dose of 20 mg/kg was able to show significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the motor condition of test animals induced by haloperidol

Combination of Spirulina platensis powder and Stichopus variegatus powder against Bcl2 expression in the hippocampus of dementia Rats

Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) and golden sea cucumber (Stichopus variegatus) are known to have antioxidant activity that has the potential to prevent neurodegeneration disease. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the combination of spirulina and golden sea cucumber on Bcl2 gene expression in pyramidal hippocampus cells of trimethyltin-induced dementia (TMT) rats. The study used Sprague Dawley rats  which were divided into 6 groups, namely the normal control group (CMC-Na and NaCl 0.9%), pain control (CMC-Na and TMT), positive control (citicoline dose 200 mg / kg and TMT) and test control injected with TMT and given a combination of spirulina and golden sea cucumber dose 200 mg/KgBB with three ratios namely 3: 1, 1: 1 and 1: 3. Extract and citicoline were given on day 1 to day 28, while TMT injection was given a single dose of 8 mg/KgBB on day 8. On the 36th day the rats were sacrificed, brains were removed and the right hemispherium cerebri was fed to 10% formalin in pbs. After 6 days the hippocampus was separated for immunohistochemical observation. The test result data was statistically analyzed with a one-way ANOVA test then followed by post hoc tukey to see the differences between groups. Results showed the combination of spirulina and golden sea cucumber can increase the expression of the Bcl2 gene in the hippocampus. The combination of spirulina and golden sea cucumber (ST1: 3) dose of 200 mg / kg body weight was able to increase hippocampus Bcl2 expression with the number of Bcl2 cell expression almost the same as citicoline in both CA1 and CA2-CA3 regions