Phytochemical and antibacterial analyses of essential oils extracted from the leaves of Euodia suaveolens scheff

Euodia suaveolens is one of the plants that ancient people in Indonesia used due to its manifold benefits. Earlier research on this plant was mostly done on its potency as a mosquito repellent. This present study aims to determine the phytochemical and antibacterial analyses of the essential oils (EOs) extracted from the leaves of E. suaveolens. The EOs of the leaves of E. suaveolens were extracted by steam distillation method and were analyzed phytochemically utilizing the GC-MS technique to determine the chemical constituents. The chemical components were tested on four pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis utilizing the diffusion agar method. The results showed that the main compounds extracted from the EOs were delta curcumene, evodone, globulol, limonene, linalool, longipinenepoxide, menthofuran, and p-mentha-1,8-diene. The antibacterial analysis of these compounds showed potential activities to inhibit the growth of four pathogenic bacteria tested, but the inhibition zones formed were still lower compared to commercial antibiotic kanamycin. E. suaveolens EOs exhibited diameter of zone of inhibition as follows 2.03 plus minus 0.22, 0.50 plus minus 0.49, 1.38 plus minus 0.10, 1.40 plus minus 0.27 cm to E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis while kanamycin showed 3.43 plus minus 0.08, 3.25 plus minus 0.08, 3.38 plus minus 0.12, and 3.18 plus minus 0.24 cm respectively. These results recommend that the main compounds extracted from the EOs of the leaves of E. suaveolens be explored further to determine their potencies as new antibiotic medications.

In silico study of the essential oil compounds of ginger and thyme on Coronavirus-2 receptors

Coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov-2) is a virus that attacks the respiratory system and causes the Covid-19 pandemic. After the pandemic, prevention and appropriate therapy research continue to be carried out to anticipate the emergence of more dangerous viruses. In line with the culture of consuming herbs that has arisen due to the effects of the pandemic, in this study, an insilico screening was carried out for essential oil compounds produced by ginger and thyme herbs which have been widely consumed by the public. The aim of the research was to find the essential oil content that has the most potential as an antiviral against coronavirus-2. The research method was carried out in silico, including ligand preparation, receptor and method validation, and analysis of ligand-receptor binding interactions using the AutoDoc 4.2.6 program. As a comparison, a study was conducted on remdesivir and favipiravir, which have been used as antivirals. The three components that have the most potential based on the calculation of the free energy value, were determined by the ADMET parameters using the Admet lab 2.0 program. The results showed that the three components in the essential oil exhibited better interactions when compared to remdesivir and favipiravir at the 3-Cl protease and spike glycoprotein receptors. The results of the insilico study and ADMET prediction test showed that of the three most potent compounds, lamda-farnesen was the most potent and safe to us

Use of bitter melon seed oil (Momordica Charantia) to Improve the photoprotective effect of Sunscreen Formulations

Bitter melon seed oil (BMSO) was identified as having potential as an anti-UV radiation agent due to alpha-oleo stearic acid, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and phytosterols, which have the potential as antioxidants. Antioxidants are the main protection for the skin from the dangers of solar radiation, making BMSO a good quality if developed in sunscreen cream. This research aims to determine the effect of adding variations in the concentration of BMSO on the physical characteristics and in vitro photoprotective effectiveness of cream of oxybenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate. Sunscreen creams are made with each BMSO concentration of 0%, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12%. The result shows that the greater the concentration of BMSO added, the lower the viscosity and pH values, the spreadability and SPF (sun protection factor) values of the cream increase, and the %TP (percentage of transmission pigmentation) and %TE (percentage of transmission erythema) become smaller. The best formula is the formula that contains the highest concentration of BMSO (12%). The characteristics of the best formula are a slightly yellowish, soft cream appearance and a slight smell typical of bitter melon. The spreadability value of the best formula cream is 6.6 ± 0.1 cm, pH of 6.57 ± 0.01, and viscosity of 88.3 ± 4.1 dPa.s, SPF value of 24.27 ± 0.28, %TE of 0.931 ±0.084, and %TP of 0.981±0.0001. These results show that BMSO has the potential to be an active ingredient in sunscreen to reduce the negative effects of using synthetic sunscreen, such as allergenic and irritant

Immunomodulator Effect of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Leaves Extract on CD4+ and CD8+ Expression in Salmonella typhimurium infected mice

Typhoid fever is a common health problem in the community caused by Salmonella bacteria. The incidence rate of this infection will increase if a person's immune system is weakened. Plant extracts are generally considered to be potential immunomodulatory agents developed, which have smaller side effects. Research shows that Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaves have medicinal properties including as hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and anticardiovascular. The results of the antioxidant activity test show the results that Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaves extract (CAE) has potential as an antioxidant with a very strong category. This study was conducted to determine the effect of giving Japanese papaya leaf extract on CD4+ and CD8+ expression in Babl/c mice induced by Salmonella typhimurium bacteria. The study was started by preparing 70% ethanol extract from Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaves and preparing 30 Babl/C mice as experimental animals which were divided into 6 groups (healthy control, negative control, positive control and treatment group by giving CAE dose of 100 mg/kgbw, 200 mg/kgbw and 400 mg/kgbw). Induction was carried out by oral infection with Salmonella thypimurium bacteria. After 3 days the infected mice were treated orally once a day for 7 days. Evaluation of CD4+ and CD8+ expression was carried out using the flowcytometer method of the lymph organs. Data analysis was carried out by the Anova test followed by the post hoc test (Tukey) using the SPSS for Windows application. The results showed that giving CAE at doses of 100 mg/kgbw, 200 mg/kgbw and 400 mg/kgbw could increase the expression ratio of CD4+ and CD8+, whereas giving CAE at a dose of 400 mg/kgbw showed significantly different results (p<0.05) to the negative control. This shows that the CAE has potential as an immunomodulatory agent that can improve immune function

Application of vegetable oils as pharmaceutical ingredient: the impact of liquid lipid type on the characteristics of nanostructured lipid carrier

Recently, drug encapsulation using a Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) has gained attention in formulation studies due to its high loading capacity and prevent drug expulsion during storage. Drug loading capacity is mainly affected by lipid type and composition, especially liquid lipids. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the potential of avocado oil as a liquid lipid of NLC replacing pure oleic acid. All components including oil, glyceryl monostearate, Tween 20®, and Span 60® were processed to NLC by solvent injection method. The colloidal characteristics of NLC dispersion in water and 20 mM PBS pH 7 were determined, including transmittance, particle size, size distribution, zeta potential, loading capacity (LC), and loading efficiency (LE) of capsanthin in NLC. The results showed that NLC containing oleic acid (Fola) and avocado oil (Favo) dispersion in PBS exhibited a similar transmittance and zeta potential of 69-74% and -51 to -58 mV, respectively, whereas the particle size and size distribution of Favo were significantly higher than Fola. Moreover, the 1.3-fold higher LC and LE of Favo compared to Fola was insignificant (p>0.05).   Additionally, the Tween 20® and Span 60® ratio of Favo should be improved to obtain an ideal particle size and size distribution as in Fola.  In conclusion, avocado oil indicated the potential to be utilized as a liquid lipid of NLC formulation regarding zeta potential and drug loading. However, the surfactant composition should be adjusted to reduce the particle size of the NLC, leading to permeability enhancement in delivery, particularly oral administration

Development of standardized green coffee bean extract (Coffea canephora) into effervescent granules as an antioxidant supplement

This study aimed to obtain the optimum formula of effervescent granules of green coffee extract (EG-GCE) on its physical quality (flow speed, water content, and dissolving granule time test) and effectiveness as an antioxidant. The dried extract was obtained by percolation of green coffee with water and dried using a spray drier. The dry extract will be standardized for specific and non-specific. The dose of the dried extract of green coffee used in the granule effervescent was 250 mg pr sachet. EG-GCE was formulated using wet granulation method. Effervescent granules were tested for physical quality (organoleptic, pH, moisture content, flow properties, and dissolving effervescent granule time test) and effectiveness, consisting of antioxidant activity (IC50) with the DPPH method using the microplate reader. The optimum effervescent granule formula was obtained using the factorial design method. The factors used were citric acid monohydrate with a level of (-1) 8% and a level of (+1) 12%, and tartaric acid with a level of (-1) 16%and a level of (+1) 24%. The determination of the optimum formula (proportion of citric acid monohydrate and tartaric acid) was carried out by factorial design method using the following responses: moisture content, flow rate, and dissolving effervescent granule time test. Furthermore, the One Way Anova (Yate's Treatment) statistical method will analyze data from parametric experiments between batches and between formulas. If there is a significant difference in the statistical analysis between the formulas, then the test is continued using the Tukey post-hoc test method. The pH value of resulting EG-GCE products was within the range of 5.46-6.07, moisture content: 3.12-3.67%, flow rate: 25.78-28.53 g/s, angle of repose: 25.65-30.130, Hausner ratio: 1.14-1.22, Carr's index: 12.50–17.83%, dissolving effervescent granule time test: 1.00-1.33 min. This study demonstrated that citric acid monohydrate, tartaric acid, and their interaction affected the moisture content, flow rate, and effervescent time of EG-GCE. The proportion of citric acid monohydrate (9.94%) and tartaric acid (17.46%) was found to be the optimum formula of EG-GCE, with the following responses: moisture content 3.26%, flow rate 25.72 g/s, and dissolving effervescent granule time test 1.19 min. The optimum formula show strong antioxidant activity with IC50 free of radical scavenging 56.56 ± 0.97 µg/ml

The effect of recompression and concentration of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K-30 on the quality of paracetamol tablets

Quality control during production is a critical process that ensures the quality of the tablets until it reaches the consumer. In the pharmaceutical industry, there is a possibility of reworking, including tablet recompression. Nevertheless, the recompression process may have affected the potential of PVP K-30 as a binder to reunite the particles of tablet ingredients. However, the difference of PVP K-30 concentration might be resulting in the differences of granule and tablet characteristics. This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of recompression and the difference of PVP K-30 on the quality of paracetamol tablets. The effect of recompression and the difference of PVP K-30 was seen based on whether there is a significant different on physical properties of the mixture of tablet ingredients (mixture’s flow rate and compressibility) and the tablets (compatibility and tablet’s hardness, friability, and disintegration time) from the formula with a concentration of 2% w/w and 4% w/w PVP K-30 after experiencing 2 times of recompression. Paracetamol tablets were made by wet granulation method through the stages of granulation, lubrication, physical properties testing of the mixture, tablet compression, physical properties testing of tablets, crushing, and recompression. Data analysis was performed statistically using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, followed by two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis test and Post Hoc Mann Whitney test. The results showed there was an effect of recompression and different concentration of PVP K-30 on the potential of PVP K-30 as a binder as seen from significant differences in the physical properties of the mixture and tablets in each test group

The Potential of Swiftlet Bird's Nest Extract (Aerodramus fucipaghus) as an Antioxidant and Serum Formulation

The white swiftlet bird's nest (Aerodramus fucipaghus) constitutes one of nature's treasures endowed with diverse health benefits. The swiftlet bird's nest is a potential source of antioxidants, capable of counteracting free radicals contributing to premature ageing. It can be harnessed as a serum formulation featuring small molecules, facilitating deeper skin penetration, efficient delivery of highly concentrated active agents, and expedited resolution of skin issues. This study aimed to ascertain the swiftlet bird's nest serum's physical properties, physical stability, and antioxidant activities. Serum formulations span a range of concentrations: 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Physical attributes of the serum, including organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and viscosity, were observed. Serum stability was assessed over a 21-day storage period. The antioxidant activity of the serum was gauged via DPPH assay, determining the IC50 values. The serum, across varying concentrations, exhibited commendable physical characteristics, satisfying stipulated criteria. Antioxidant activity was detected in the serum across a spectrum of concentrations, revealing IC50 values of 250.00 µg/mL, signifying a range from weak to strong efficacy (90.137 µg/mL). The swiftlet bird's nest serum with its concentration variants demonstrated physical stability during the 21-day storage duration. Drawing from the research, it can be deduced that the swiftlet bird's nest holds promise for development into a serum formulation that fulfils both physical and stability criteria, endowed with robust antioxidant activity. Notably, the swiftlet bird's nest serum at a 40% concentration exhibited potent antioxidant activity, manifesting an IC50 value of 90.137 µg/m

Enzymatic virgin coconut oil effect on urea and creatinine levels of hypercholesterolemia-diabetics induced Wistar male rats

Coconut (Cocos nucifera) is an Indonesian commodity that has high economic value tall. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is one of the processed coconut products whose selling value is very high, because The composition of VCO consists of medium-chain fatty acids that can maintain a healthy body and prevent various diseases. The process of making VCO used in This research is an enzymatic method using pineapple weevil as a bromelain enzyme. This study aims to determine the effect of enzymatic administration of VCO and an enzymatic dose of VCO which is effective in reducing urea and creatinine levels in hypercholesterolemic-diabetic male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). This study was an experimental laboratory with a modified pretest and posttest randomized controlled group design using 30 test animals which were divided into 6 treatment groups. Each group consisted of 5 test animals, namely normal control, negative control, and positive control, with doses of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mL/kg BW. The data obtained were analyzed using a One Way Anova and non- parametric statistical test by Kruskal Wallis. test and followed by a further Mann Whitney test to determine differences between treatments. The results showed that enzymatic VCO at a dose of 0.8 mL/kg BW was an effective dose in reducing urea and creatinine levels with an average decrease of 17.40 mg/dL and 0.36 mg/dL. The novelty in this study showed that the enzymatic VCO had an effect on reducing urea and creatinine levels in diabetic hypercholesterolemic male white rats

The effect of HPMC-K15M and guar gum as polymer-coated for sustained-released tablet: disintegration and release kinetics

Polymeric coating films are able to control tablet drug release rate depending on polymer physicochemical properties. Guar gum and HPMC-K15M (GG/HPMC-K15M) can be a coating polymer in sustained-release tablets. This study aims to characterize the disintegration and drug release kinetics on theophylline sustained-release tablets coated with GG/HPMC-K15M. The film coating was made with variations of the GG/HPMC-K15M ratio of 1:3 (F1), 1:4 (F2), and 1:5 (F3). Granules were preformulated regarding LOD, granule size distribution, packing, and flow properties. Film coating was carried out using a liquid spraying method. Coated tablets were tested for quality examination, and the drug release kinetics model was determined based on in-vitro dissolution. Granule pre-formulation result shows that the granules have excellent packing and flow properties with an LOD of 4.59–5.33% and a size of 553.28–627.28 πm. Tablets provided uniform size characteristics with a weight variation of 333.38–339.56 mg (CV 1.32–3.43% and acceptance value 6.53–13.58), hardness of 11.61–18.86 kgf, friability of 0.103–0.186%, disintegration time of 20.69–27.36 min, and drug content of 98.51–98.55%. The theophylline was dissolved by 95.24% (6h in FI), 97.04% (7h in F2), and 99.79% (8h in F3); all formulas followed zero-order kinetic (r2 ~ 1). Suitable quality theophylline tablets GG/HPMC-K15M coating have been successfully produced. Increasing the concentration ratio of HPMC-K15M in the coating solution resulted in a significant increase in disintegration time and a slowing of the drug release rate. The drug release kinetics of all formulations followed the zero-order kinetic model