Optimization of nanoemulsion hair serum from chia seed oil using the Simplex Lattice Design method

Hair loss is a hair problem that men and women often experience. Chia seed oil (Salvia hispanica L.) contains linolenic acid, which can stimulate the sebum glands. This research aims to determine the composition of the optimum formula for chia seed oil nanoemulsion hair serum using the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method to prove that the characteristics and physical stability of the optimum formula meet the requirements for good preparation. The optimization method was carried out with the help of Design Expert 13 software to optimize the formula by varying Tween 80 (X1) and propylene glycol (X2). The characteristic parameters observed include organoleptic parameters such as pH, viscosity, homogeneity, emulsion type, particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and percent transmittance. The physical stability test was carried out using a 6-cycle test method for organoleptic parameters, pH, and homogeneity. Optimization results show that the optimum composition consists of Tween 80 33.52% and propylene glycol 46.48%. The preparation meets all physical characteristic tests. Physical stability did not significantly change in the pH test, with a significance value of 0.027 in the paired t-test. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the optimum surfactant and cosurfactant composition in the optimum formula based on optimization using SLD is Tween 80 (33.52%) and propylene glycol (46.48%) with a desirability value of 0.947. The optimum formula for preparing chia seed oil nanoemulsion hair serum meets good physical characteristics and stability requirements

In vitro and in vivo anti-hyperglycemia effects of extract of Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) leaves

Despite the availability of various conventional treatments, diabetes mellitus remains a serious global health concern with an increasing prevalence. This trend underscores the need to explore potential natural alternatives. Faloak, an indigenous plant of Indonesia, has been traditionally used for various health conditions, yet its potential as an anti-hyperglycemic agent has not been comprehensively investigated. This research focused on identifying the ingredients of Faloak leaves that could lower blood sugar levels and confirm these effects in laboratory and animal models. At various concentrations, the in vitro evaluation assessed the inhibitory effect of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. For in vivo evaluation, male mice were administered glucose, sucrose, and starch after being pretreated with Faloak leaf extract, and their blood glucose levels were monitored for 120 min. Faloak leaf extract demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The IC50 values for sucrose and maltose inhibition were 30.37 and 65.36 mg/mL, respectively, while α-amylase inhibition showed an IC50 of 27.02 mg/mL. In the in vivo test, mice pretreated with the extract exhibited significantly decreased blood glucose levels at 120 min compared to the control group. These findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of Faloak leaves possesses promising anti-hyperglycemic activities, positioning it as a potential candidate for developing plant-based blood glucose management. Our results demonstrate that Faloak leaf extract exhibits substantial anti-hyperglycemic properties, inhibiting vital digestive enzymes and effectively reducing postprandial glucose levels. Identifying active ingredients paves the way for further research to elucidate specific bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of actio

Acute toxicity of the intranasal administration of Anredera cordifolia extract in Wistar Rats

Anredera cordifolia (AC) known as binahong plant in Indonesia is commonly used for traditional medicine since ancients. AC contains of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids that have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties. Many flavonoids compound that has anti-inflammatory activity were potential for treatment of nasal inflammatory such as allergic rhinitis. This study aims to evaluate the preclinical safety of acute intranasal administration of AC extract in laboratory wistar rats. Acute toxicity using the intranasal route of administration of AC extract was evaluated on 30 female wistar rats, divided five rats for control, and each five of doses 5%, 10%, 25%, 50% and 75%. Observation during 14 days for the incidence of mortality and signs of toxicity. The AC extract intranasal administration doses at 5%, 10%, 25%, 50% and 75% did not show mortality or treatment related adverse events and did not showed significantly changes on blood profile. The AC extract was found safe until 75% for nasal administration in wistar rats.

Demographics, knowledge, and attitudes toward fe supplementation for stunting prevention at public health center, Ciamis-Indonesia

Stunting has been linked to malnutrition in children from prenatal to before five years old, a condition with 24% prevalence, according to the 2021 Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey. Ciamis (West Java, Indonesia) reported 2,334 cases (3.4%) of stunting problems in 2022. The government has introduced Fe tablets to pregnant women, but this specific intervention can only be effective if accompanied by their adequate knowledge and positive perception of its usefulness, which can be influenced by their experience, education level, and sociocultural environment. This study aimed to determine the relationship between demographic characteristics and knowledge and attitudes toward Fe supplementation. This quantitative research adopted the analytical survey and cross-sectional designs and used demographics, knowledge, and attitudes questionnaires as the research instruments. Cluster sampling in the operational area of the Sadananya Public Health Center in Ciamis obtained 151 respondents. Data were analyzed using a chi-square test in SPSS. Results show that the majority of the sample size had low knowledge (118 respondents; 77.6%) and less positive attitudes (103; 67.8%) toward Fe supplementation. There was a significant relationship between age and knowledge (p=0.044), while none was observed between knowledge and education (p=0.100) and obstetric history (p=0.057). Moreover, age, education, and obstetric history were not statistically related to attitudes toward Fe supplementation (p=0.645, 0.951, 0.792). From these findings, it can be concluded that knowledge is strongly linked to age but not to education and obstetric history. Also, there is no significant relationship between attitudes toward Fe supplementation and age, education, and obstetric history

Phytochemical constituent, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Black Soybean (Glycine soja (L.) Merr.) ethanol extract

Diabetes is characterized as a hyperglycemic condition impacted by β-cell dysfunction and insulin deficiency. Black soybean (Glycine soja (L.) Merr.) is widely known as an origin of nutritious food that has shown activities in preventing cardiovascular disease and reducing hyperglycemia. This research aimed to evaluate the potential of black soybeans ethanol extract (BSEE) as an α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity inhibitor. Black soybean seeds were extracted using the Soxhlet method with 50% ethanol as a solvent. The extract Soybean seeds were screened for the presence of phytochemicals. Inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes was tested in vitro with acarbose as a control. The absorbance measurement was conducted at 565 nm and 400 nm, respectively. BSEE contained alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, quinones, tannins, and terpenoids. The results indicated that BSEE exhibited a weak inhibitory effect of α-amylase enzyme activity, with an IC50 value of 360.37 ± 20.80 µg/ml, in contrast to acarbose, which showed a significantly lower IC50 of 4.02 ± 0.56 µg/ml. Meanwhile, BSEE was classified as an active inhibitor of α-glucosidase enzyme activity, presenting 25.67 ± 0.27 µg/mL IC50 value, while acarbose demonstrated 10.85 ± 0.5 µg/mL IC50 value. In conclusion, BSEE inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase

In-vivo study of oleic acid and tween-80 on patch transdermal A.paniculata as anti-diabetic

Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) has been known empirically as a plant that has benefits as a traditional antidiabetic Javanese medicine to treat diabetes mellitus (DM). The main compound contained in sambiloto is andrographolide which has a hypoglycemia effect. Andrographolide has low solubility in water and poor bioavailability due to biotransformation by P-glycoprotein in the intestinal tract which causes andrographolide to metabolize more quickly in the duodenum and jejunum. To overcome this extract ethanol of sambiloto (EES) formulated to patch transdermal. Enhancers can affect the characteristics of transdermal patch preparations which affect the pharmacological activity of transdermal patch preparations. The critical point of transdermal patch preparation is the selection of enhancers which is one of the compounds to increase the penetration of active substances in the skin by disrupting the permeability of the stratum corneum. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of variations in the combination of oleic acid and tween 80 as an enhancer on the physical characteristics of EES patches.The methods of extraction sambiloto use soxhetation with ethanol 96% as solvent. The formulation of EES patch transdermal using solvent casting technique with various concentration enhancer tween-80 and oleic acid. This research was conducted by making 3 formulas, where F1  (1:1), F2 (1:3) and F3 (1:3). The evaluations include weight uniformity, thickness, water content, pH and folding endurance of the patch. The result of visual appearance the patch EES has a dark green with aroma specific of EES. The characteristics of EES transdermal patches were affected by the ratio of tween-80 and oleic acid as the enhancers. The combination of oleic acid and tween 80 as a permeation enhancer has an influence on physical characteristics (weight and thickness) of EES patches

Analysis of pharmaceutical technical staff needs at hospital X in Bandung using the WISN method

One of the essential and inseparable health services in hospitals is pharmaceutical services. Pharmaceutical services in hospitals are carried out by the Hospital Pharmacy Installation (Instalasi Farmasi Rumah Sakit / IFRS). The implementation of pharmaceutical services in hospitals must be supported by adequate, skilled, and competent human resources so that pharmaceutical service activities can run well and are high quality for patients. The lack of human resources for pharmaceutical services will result in excessive workload and reduced quality of pharmaceutical services. One method widely used to determine the number of staff needs is the Workload Indicators of Staffing Needs (WISN). Analysis of the need for pharmaceutical technical staff at Hospital X in Bandung City was carried out using the WISN method. The data used for the analysis were obtained from interviews, observations, and data collection on pharmaceutical services from the pharmacy installation of the Hospital X. The results of the WISN analysis showed that the need for pharmaceutical technical personnel for central pharmacy installations providing outpatient and inpatient services is 87 people, the total need for the emergency room pharmacy satellite is 6 people, the operating room pharmacy satellite is 6 people, and the pharmacy warehouse is 3 people. From the results of WISN ratio, the number of pharmaceutical technical staff available for the central pharmacy installation, emergency room pharmacy satellite, and operating room pharmacy satellite are still inadequate for the existing workload (WISN ratio < 1). In contrast, for the pharmaceutical warehouse, it is adequate (WISN ratio = 1). Therefore, Hospital X needs to consider adding existing pharmaceutical technical staff to support more optimal pharmaceutical services at the hospital

Antibacterial activity of guava leaf ethanolic extract (Psidium guajava L.) nanosuspension against Escherichia coli bacteria

Diarrhea is a condition where a person has bowel movements three or more times a day, with consistent stools. One of the common bacteria that causes diarrhea is Escherichia coli. Empirical and preclinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) in treating diarrhea due to their tannin content. Nanosuspension formulations can be created to simplify the use of guava leaves for medicinal purposes. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of guava leaf extract, both in its natural form and as a nanosuspension preparation, against Escherichia coli. Additionally, the study aims to characterize the guava leaf extract nanosuspension used in the experiment. The technique used to make nanosuspension involves ionic gelation methods by using chitosan as a polymer, and subsequent characterization of the resulting product includes organoleptic testing, specific weight, pH, sedimentation volume, and viscosity. After the characterization of the guava leaf nanosuspension, it was found that the optimal formula had a particle size of 245.7 nm at a concentration of 0.01%, a polydispersion index of 0.406, and a zeta potential of +26.9 mV. Guava leaf ethanol extract 1% has a diameter of the inhibitory zone of 4.05±0.45 mm. However, the nanosuspension form of P. guajava L at a concentration of 0.01% has an inhibitory zone diameter of 11.45±0.64 mm. The nanosuspension formulation using P. guajava L has met the evaluation requirements and has antibacterial activity against E. coli bacteria

Optimization of self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system of rifampicin for nebulization using cinnamon oil as oil phase

Lung delivery can overcome the problems related to the effectiveness of tuberculosis treatment by increasing the drug concentration at the target site. Rifampicin as the first-line antibiotic for tuberculosis has low water solubility and is unstable in gastric which hinders its effectiveness. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is a strategy known to improve the solubility and stability of such drugs. This study aimed to obtain the optimum formula of rifampicin SNEDDS intended for lung nebulization using essential oil as an oil phase. Several essential oils are known to have effective antibacterial on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, a high capability to solubilize the drug is required for SNEDDS formulation. Cinnamon oil, tween 80, and transcutol P were chosen as SNEDDS components for optimization using a D-optimal mixture based on the physicochemical characteristics. The optimum formula comprised 12.65% cinnamon oil, 75.00% tween 80, and 12.35% transcutol P which dispersed easily to form a highly transparent emulsion in normal saline under 1 minute. Upon dilution with saline, the optimal SNEDDS can produce a homogenous nanometer droplet (169.2±19.771 nm, PDI of 0.258±0.070) with acceptable pH for lung administration. It also has a viscosity similar to water (0.94±0.01 cP) which allows it to be nebulized easily (aerosol output rate of 0.14±0.02 g/min). Although the diluted SNEDDS has a zeta potential of -2.533±0.268 mV, it was stable for up to 4 hours during the nebulization. These results indicate the potential of cinnamon oil-based rifampicin SNEDDS to be an alternative in the pulmonary delivery of rifampicin via nebulization

Enterobacter hormaechei: an endophytic bacterium found in Avocado Peel (Persea americana Mill.) with antioxidant properties

Avocado peels (AVP) are renowned for their potent antioxidant properties, making them highly effective in preventing oxidation and free radical formation. Endophytes, microorganisms residing within plant tissues, have demonstrated the ability to produce novel compounds with remarkable biological activities. These bioactive compounds are sometimes even more potent than those found in their host plants. This study explores the potential of endophytes from avocado peels as rich sources of antioxidant compounds. AVP samples are collected, surface-sterilized, and segmented before being cultured in growth media. The bacteria are then isolated, purified, and subjected to ethyl acetate extraction to evaluate their antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) microassay. Samples demonstrating favorable antioxidant properties undergo molecular identification through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Four bacterial strains are successfully isolated, with only the APK4 strain exhibiting significant antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 302.3 μg/mL. Molecular analysis and phylogenetic tree construction reveal that APK4 is closely related to the Enterobacter hormaechei species, with a percent identity value of 99.93%. These findings highlight the potential of active metabolites from endophytic bacteria in AVP extracts as promising lead compounds for the development of novel drugs, nutraceuticals, and cosmetic ingredients