2nd. International Workshop on Additive Manufacturing and Sustainability (IWAM): book of proceedings

In recent years, the manufacturing processes have undergone a profound transformation, driven by the rapid evolution of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. What began as a tool primarily for prototyping through stereolithography has now expanded into a versatile and innovative field capable of producing functional, end-use components across a wide range of industries. From fused deposition modeling (FDM) to selective laser melting (SLM) and beyond, AM has unlocked new possibilities in design, material utilization, and production efficiency. Today, additive manufacturing encompasses an extensive array of materials, including metals, polymers, paper, and even biological tissues, enabling applications that span from the mechanical industry to the biomedical sector. One of the most compelling aspects of additive manufacturing is its potential to drive sustainability in modern production processes. Unlike traditional subtractive methods, which often generate significant material waste, AM builds components layer by layer, minimizing excess material and promoting resource efficiency. Furthermore, the ability to use eco-friendly and recyclable materials aligns with global efforts to reduce environmental impact. AM also supports the production of complex, customized parts on demand, reducing the need for large inventories and long-distance transportation, thereby lowering carbon emissions. By optimizing resource use and enabling more efficient production cycles, additive manufacturing is emerging as a cornerstone of sustainable manufacturing practices. This proceeding book arrests the latest advancements, challenges, and opportunities in the field of additive manufacturing, with a particular focus on its transformative potential and contributions to sustainability. The works presented here reflect the interdisciplinary nature of AM, showcasing innovative techniques, materials, and applications that are shaping the future of manufacturing. From cutting-edge research to real-world case studies, this collection aims to inspire further exploration and collaboration, driving the adoption of additive manufacturing as a key enabler of sustainable industrial progress. We invite readers to probe into these pages and discover how AM is not only redefining manufacturing but also paving the way for a more sustainable and efficient future.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Occurrence of micropollutants in surface water and removal by catalytic wet peroxide oxidation enhanced filtration using polymeric membranes loaded with carbon nanotubes

Monitoring campaigns of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in surface waters is of utmost importance in evaluating the anthropogenic impact on riparian ecosystems. Beyond identifying pollutants and threats, treatment solutions are also needed to mitigate the adverse effects caused by polluted water discharged into the environment. For years, grab samples have been used to assess water quality, but the results can be misleading since contaminants are not always found due to the low and highly variable concentrations at which they are present in these matrices. Even in such small concentrations, the contaminants can be harmful to aquatic life. Therefore, for about three months, passive samplers were used to monitor the presence of pharmaceuticals in river water up- and downstream the discharge of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Passive samplers were extracted, analyzed and the results were used to identify possible pollution composition and potential sources. Our campaign enabled the identification and quantification of 28 contaminants and showed that 27 increased in amount after WWTP discharge entered the river. The statistical analysis revealed the correlation between the pollutants, showed the oscillation in their amounts, and enabled the identification of specific pollutant groups that deserve attention for treatment, such as antibiotics and antidepressants. Moreover, an innovative catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) intensified filtration process was investigated as a possible water treatment solution, using composite polymeric membranes loaded with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was selected as a model pollutant, and 85–90 % removals were achieved in continuous flow mode during 8 h (equivalent to 2255–2315 mg m-2 h-1).This work was financially supported by national funds through FCT/ MCTES (PIDDAC): CeDRI, UIDB/05757/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/ 05757/2020) and UIDP/05757/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/05757/ 2020); CIMO, UIDB/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/00690/2020) and UIDP/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/00690/2020); SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020). This work was also supported by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC): LSRE- LCM, UIDB/50020/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/50020/2020) and UIDP/50020/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/50020/2020); ALiCE, LA/P/ 0045/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0045/2020). Fernanda F. Roman acknowledges the national funding by FCT and the European Social Fund, FSE, through the individual research grant SFRH/BD/143224/ 2019. Adriano S. Silva was supported by the doctoral Grant SFRH/BD/151346/2021 and Ana Paula Ferreira by PRT/BD/153090/2021, financed by FCT with funds from NORTE2020, under MIT Portugal Program. Jose L. Diaz De Tuesta acknowledges the financial support through the program of Atracción al Talento of Comunidad de Madrid (Spain) for the individual research grant 2022-T1/AMB-23946. The authors are also grateful for the finantial support provided by Sociedade Ponto Verde for the project “Estudo técnico-económico para a valorização de resíduos de embalagens plásticas na produção de nanotubos de carbono” and by Fundação La Caixa for the project INOVÁGUA.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Comparative growth and yield performance of sweet chestnut in high-forest and coppice systems in young plantations

We compare growth and yield of sweet chestnut in coppice and high-forest systems up to 24 years of age in Northern Portugal. In the coppice, data from 4 permanent plots submitted to different management models for small (P1), medium (P2) and large (P4) diameters, including a plot without intervention (P3), were used. Management model in P4 (1 shoot at the end of rotation) is converging to a similar product as high-forest over time. Site index (SI) for the coppice is 15 m of dominant height (hdom) at 20 years. The same SI was used when selecting data from permanent plots in high-forest for the comparison. Individual-tree equations previously developed were used to obtain stem volumes. Biomass of stem was obtained from volume using wood density. Results show that coppice for similar ages and SI, produces more stem volume per hectare than high-forest in any situation up to 24 years. At this age, height of the mean tree (hg) and hdom are lesser in the high-forest than in the coppice’s management model with similar target (P4). In contrast, diameter of the mean tree (dg) and dominant diameter (ddom) are similar in both systems. Results also show that P4 in coppice system produced more 100 m3 ha-1 of stem volume than the high-forest at age 24. However, mean annual increment (MAI) in stem volume in high-forest is still increasing as opposed to the coppice. Thus, coppice system produces more biomass in young ages than high-forest (MAI in biomass: 9 t ha-1 year-1 against almost 4 t ha-1 year-1, respectively). Managing coppice for a final target similar to high-forest introduces flexibility in sylviculture, allowing both high amount of biomass production in young stages, and long-life products at the end of rotation.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020); AGRO Program, Project 267: Sustainable Management of Chestnut Forested Areas in High-Forest and Coppice Systems; Project PTDC/AGRCFL/68186/Mixed forests: Modeling, dynamics and geographical distribution of productivity and carbon storage in mixed forest ecosystems in Portugal; Project PDR2020-101-031671 GO_FTA: Afforestation of agricultural lands with+ value, financial support of FEADER and Portuguese Government.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Extraction of Eucalyptus globulus Volatiles and Sensitivity Tests on Foodborne Pathogens

Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a Université Libre de TunisFood spoilage is one of the main concerns in the food industry, as about one third of food that is produced is wasted before it even reaches the consumers. Essential oils are known for their very strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Little is known about the changes that essential oils undergo when subject to different biotic and abiotic stress. Still, essential oils have been used to preserve foods by using them as food additives, although the European legislation does not allow their use, due to potential toxicity regarding human consumption. Thus, given the high number of volatile molecules present in essential oils, the use of these airborne molecules could be an interesting prospect, namely using these extracts as volatile preserving molecules. This work intends to compare the bioactivities (antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial) of Eucalyptus globulus Labill essential oils from leaves harvested in 2023, with the ones harvested from the same trees in 2022, both extracted through hydrodistillation. The essential oils were then screened against two foodborne fungi (Aspergillus brasiliensis and Aspergilus fumigatus) by placing these contaminants in airtight containers containing the Eucalyptus essential oils, to test if the airborne molecules present in the oils could inhibit the fungal growth. The findings show that overall, the changes in the bioactivities in the Eucalyptus essential oils in the two years is very low, with only some differences being found in the sensitivity of bacteria. The antifungal activity was maintained, as was the antioxidant activity for the DPPH analysis. In terms of inhibition of the fungi by the airborne molecules, both were inhibited at all stages of growth (immediately after plating, after 24 and 48 hours), although the essential oils seemed to inhibit to a better extent Aspergillus fumigatus. Overall, these results prove the antifungal activity of the volatile fraction of Eucalyptus essential oils, which could be used in the future as a volatile preservative for packed food.A deterioração de alimentos é uma das principais preocupações na indústria alimentar, já que cerca de um terço dos alimentos produzidos é desperdiçado antes mesmo de chegar aos consumidores. Os óleos essenciais são conhecidos pela sua excelente atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana. Pouco se sabe sobre as alterações que os óleos essenciais sofrem quando submetidos a diferentes estresses bióticos e abióticos. Ainda assim, os óleos essenciais têm sido usados para preservar alimentos, utilizando-os como aditivos alimentares, embora a legislação europeia não permita seu uso, devido à possível toxicidade em relação ao consumo humano. Assim, dada a alta quantidade de moléculas voláteis presentes nos óleos essenciais, o uso dessas moléculas em recipientes fechados poderia ser uma perspetiva interessante, especialmente usando esses extratos como moléculas voláteis conservantes. Este trabalho pretende comparar as bioatividades (antioxidante, antitumoral, anti-inflamatória e antimicrobiana) dos óleos essenciais de Eucalyptus globulus Labill de folhas colhidas em 2023, com aqueles obtidos das folhas das mesmas árvores em 2022, ambos extraídos por hidrodestilação. Os óleos essenciais foram testados contra dois fungos alimentares (Aspergillus brasiliensis e Aspergilus fumigatus), colocando esses contaminantes em recipientes herméticos contendo os óleos essenciais de eucalipto, para verificar se as moléculas voláteis presentes nos óleos poderiam inibir o crescimento fúngico. Os resultados mostram que, globalmente, as mudanças nas bioatividades nos óleos essenciais nos dois anos são muito baixas, com apenas algumas diferenças encontradas na sensibilidade de algumas bactérias. A atividade antifúngica foi mantida, assim como a atividade antioxidante através da análise de DPPH. Em termos de inibição dos fungos pelas moléculas no ar, ambos foram inibidos em todas as fases de crescimento (imediatamente após a sementeira, após 24 e 48 horas), embora os óleos essenciais parecessem inibir de maneira mais eficaz o Aspergillus fumigatus. Em geral, esses resultados comprovam a atividade antifúngica da fração volátil dos óleos essenciais de Eucalipto, que poderia ser utilizada no futuro como conservante volátil para alimentos embalados

Food freshness and composition evaluated by Colorimetry, TPA, and spectroscopy through ICA-based ComDim: A case study of a peanut-based protein-enriched food

This study aimed to apply Common Components and Specific Weights Analysis (CCSWA or ComDim) to explore the relations between colorimetry (color), Texture Profile Analysis (TPA), and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) besides determining which of these techniques is most effective in differentiating the freshness and composition of the studied samples. ComDim-ICA, a recent modification of ComDim based on Independent Components Analysis (ICA) decomposition, was used. This approach was chosen to provide more straightforward and interpretable scores and loadings compared to the classical ComDim, which is based on Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The experiment was performed on a peanut-based food enriched with powdered proteins derived from pumpkin seed, rice, pea, sunflower seed, water lentil (duckweed), flaxseed, soybean, and whey. Measurements (Color, NIR, and TPA) were taken on the day of the food preparation, after seven days, and after fourteen days. The global scores indicated that CC2 carried information regarding freshness, while CC3, CC4, and CC5 were associated with food composition. According to the saliences, NIR and color were the most important techniques for determining food freshness (the most important in CC2). Additionally, in CC3, NIR was responsible for distinguishing lentil and rice proteins from the other protein sources. The best differentiation regarding food composition was found in CC4 and CC5, where colorimetry and TPA were most significant. These findings may encourage new applications of multiblock analysis to elucidate differences in food quality based on diverse evaluation techniques.This work was supported by the Coordination of Personal Improvement of Superior Level (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES, grant number 001). Paulo Henrique Março acknowledges the Brazilian National Council of Scientific Development and Technology (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq, process 402455/2022-3, and process 485640/2013-9).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Desenvolvimento de cupcakes proteicos sem glúten com aplicação de um corante natural de pitaia e farinhas de leguminosas

Nos últimos anos, o uso de ingredientes e aditivos alimentares tornou-se uma preocupação crescente na indústria alimentar, em resposta às exigências dietéticas específicas dos consumidores, especialmente daqueles que lidam diariamente com condições como a doença celíaca, intolerâncias alimentares e alergias. Como consequência, tem-se verificado uma tendência crescente no desenvolvimento de novos produtos alimentares alternativos, utilizando matérias-primas anteriormente consideradas como irrelevantes ou subestimadas. Entre estas, as farinhas de leguminosas têm ganho destaque, proporcionando à indústria de pastelaria e panificação alternativas isentas de glúten, ricas em nutrientes e de baixo teor glicémico, para a aplicação nos mais diversos produtos. Associadas a essas farinhas, os corantes naturais provenientes de frutas como a pitaia, têm sido também amplamente explorados, tornando-se opções seguras para aqueles que procuram evitar os potenciais efeitos adversos proporcionados pelos corantes artificiais. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo a elaboração de um cupcake isento de glúten e alérgenos derivados do leite e ovos, a partir de farinhas de leguminosas, com recurso à aquafaba e ao corante natural extraído da casca da pitaia vermelha, bem como a adição da polpa de pitaia como complemento nutricional à formulação. A composição centesimal das farinhas de leguminosas (Grão-de-bico, Lentilha, Ervilha e Feijão) e da polpa da pitaia foi realizada com base nos métodos AOAC previamente implementados. Foram quantificados os açúcares solúveis livres (HPLC- RI), ácidos gordos (GC-FID) e tocoferóis (HPLC-Fluorescência). Adicionalmente, as betacianinas presentes no extrato da casca de pitaia foram tentativamente identificadas e quantificadas (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS). Por fim, os cupcakes elaborados com as farinhas de leguminosas, polpa de pitaia, extrato da casca e aquafaba foram avaliados quanto às suas propriedades físicas (cor e textura), e à sua composição centesimal, química e microbiológica ao longo do tempo de armazenamento de 6 dias. As farinhas analisadas revelaram teores semelhantes de hidratos de carbono e proteínas. Em contrapartida, a polpa da pitaia apresentou um conteúdo mais elevado de hidratos de carbono, açúcares solúveis livres e proteínas. Relativamente ao perfil de ácidos gordos, tanto as farinhas como a polpa da pitaia eram predominantemente compostas por ácidos gordos polinsaturados. no que respeita aos açúcares solúveis livres, as farinhas de leguminosas continham apenas sacarose, enquanto a polpa da pitaia era composta por frutose, glucose e trealose. Foram identificadas duas isoformas de tocoferóis na polpa da pitaia, predominando o α-tocoferol, e três isoformas nas farinhas de leguminosas, com γ-tocoferol como o mais abundante. Além disso, foram detetadas cinco betacianinas no extrato recuperado a partir da caca da pitaia: betanina, isobetanina, filocactina, 4′-O-malonil-betanina e isofilocactina, com um conteúdo máximo de betacianinas de 43,4±0,8 mg/g de extrato. As formulações dos cupcakes produzidas com as farinhas de leguminosas ao longo de 6 dias de armazenamento apresentaram teores mais elevados de proteínas, lípidos, cinzas e açúcares solúveis livres em comparação com os cupcakes controlo, que continham farinha de trigo. O perfil de ácidos gordos das formulações era maioritariamente composto por ácido palmítico (C16:0), oleico (C18:1n9c) e linoleico (C18:2n6c). Adicionalmente, os cupcakes que continham polpa e extrato da casca de pitaia exibiram uma tonalidade avermelhada, observando-se uma perda de intensidade da cor na parte externa ao longo do tempo, enquanto a parte interna apresentou um aumento de coloração. A dureza dos cupcakes aumentou ao longo do tempo de armazenamento, sendo que os cupcakes com farinhas de leguminosas exibiram maior dureza do que aqueles com farinha de trigo, fenómeno comum em produtos sem glúten. Após a cozedura, todos os cupcakes apresentaram níveis aceitáveis de crescimento microbiano.In recent years, the use of food ingredients and additives has become a growing concern in the food industry in response to the specific dietary demands of consumers, especially those who deal with conditions such as celiac disease, food intolerances and allergies daily. Therefore, there has been a growing trend in the development of new alternative food products, using raw materials previously considered irrelevant or undervalued. Among them, legume flour has gained prominence, providing the confectionery and bakery industry with gluten-free alternatives, rich in nutrients and with low glycemic content, for application in the most diverse products. Associated with these flours, natural dyes from fruits such as dragon fruit have also been widely explored, becoming safe options for those seeking to avoid the potential adverse effects caused by artificial dyes. In this sense, this work aimed to create a cupcake free of gluten and allergens derived from milk and eggs, from legume flour, using aquafaba and natural coloring extracted from the skin of the red dragon fruit, as well as the addition of pulp. pitaya as a nutritional complement to the formulation. The proximate composition of legume flours (Chickpeas, Lentils, Peas and Beans) and dragon fruit pulp was carried out based on previously implemented AOAC methods. Free soluble sugars (HPLC-RI), fatty acids (GC-FID) and tocopherols (HPLC-Fluorescence) were quantified. Additionally, the betacyanins present in the dragon fruit peel extract were tentatively identified and quantified (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS). Finally, the cupcakes made with legume flour, dragon fruit pulp, peel extract and aquafaba were evaluated for their physical properties (color and texture), and their proximate, chemical and microbiological composition over the storage time of 6 days. The flours analyzed revealed similar levels of carbohydrates and proteins. On the other hand, the pitaya pulp had a higher content of carbohydrates, free soluble sugars and proteins. Regarding the fatty acid profile, both the flours and the dragon fruit pulp were predominantly composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Regarding free soluble sugars, legume flours contained only sucrose, while dragon fruit pulp was composed of fructose, glucose and trehalose. Two tocopherol isoforms were identified in dragon fruit pulp, with α-tocopherol predominating, and three isoforms in legume flour, with γ-tocopherol as the most abundant. Furthermore, five betacyanins were detected in the extract recovered from pitaya caca: betanin, isobetanin, phyllocactin, 4′-O-malonyl-betanin and isophyllocactin, with a maximum betacyanin content of 43.4±0.8 mg/ g of extract. Cupcake formulations produced with legume flour over 6 days of storage showed higher levels of proteins, lipids, ash and free soluble sugars compared to control cupcakes, which contained wheat flour. The fatty acid profile of the formulations was mainly composed of palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1n9c) and linoleic acid (C18:2n6c). Additionally, the cupcakes that contained dragon fruit pulp and peel extract exhibited a reddish hue, with a loss of color intensity on the outside over time, while the inside showed an increase in color. The hardness of the cupcakes increased over storage time, with cupcakes with legume flours exhibiting greater hardness than those with wheat flour, a common phenomenon in gluten-free products. After baking, all cupcakes showed acceptable levels of microbial growth.Este trabalho foi financiado pelo programa FEDER Cooperación Interreg VI A Espanha – Portugal (POCTEP) 2021-2027 for financial support through the project TRANSCoLAB PLUS 0112_TRANSCOLAB_PLUS_2_

Introdução à comunicação no contexto de saúde

A comunicação em saúde é descrita como um pilar essencial para a prestação de cuidados eficazes, facilitando a compreensão e adesão aos planos terapêuticos pelos pacientes. Este capítulo discute a importância de uma relação terapêutica válida e intensiva entre profissionais de saúde e pacientes, destacando a comunicação como um instrumento terapêutico essencial para proporcionar um cuidado humanizado e eficiente. Enfatiza a necessidade de uma comunicação holística, que considera todos os aspetos do ser humano – físicos, emocionais e sociais. Também aborda, de forma breve, algumas estratégias de comunicação para superar barreiras comunicacionais e a importância do treino contínuo das habilidades comunicacionais dos enfermeiros. Destaca-se a comunicação como um direito do paciente e uma responsabilidade profissional, com estratégias para melhorar a comunicação em situações críticas e fortalecer a relação terapêutica entre paciente e profissional de saúde

Sewage sludge showed high agronomic value, releasing nitrogen faster than farmyard manure

The use of fertilizers in agriculture, particularly organic fertilizers such as sewage sludge, is a key research priority due to its impacts on crop productivity, production costs, environmental risks and the push for a more circular economy. This study, conducted in Bragan & ccedil;a, northeastern Portugal, focused on forage maize during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons. Eight fertilization treatments were established corresponding to the application of mineral nitrogen (N) at rates of 50 (N50), 100 (N100), 150 (N150) and 200 (N200) kg ha(-1), three organic amendments applied at a rate equivalent to 200 kg ha(-1) of N, namely sewage sludge (SS200), cow manure (CM200) and sheep manure (SM200), and a non-fertilized control (N0), with the aim of assessing the agronomic value of these treatments for forage maize (Zea mays L.). Maize dry matter yield (DMY) ranged from 10.8 to 20.3 t ha(-1) in 2022 and 13.7 to 23.6 t ha(-1) in 2023 for N0 and N200, respectively. Organic amendments produced 14.7-17.7 t ha(-1) in 2022 and 20.5-24.4 t ha(-1 )in 2023. Increased mineral N rates resulted in higher soil inorganic N content, N concentration in leaves and N recovery in tissues, with organic amendments showing lower values than crops fertilized with N200. However, due to cumulative nutrient release, organic amendments improved DMY and N use efficiency in the second year. Sewage sludge mineralized rapidly due to its low carbon (C)/N ratio and absence of hard-to-degrade compounds. It is also rich in phosphorus (P), enhancing its fertilizing value. Although nitrate leaching and denitrification potential appeared lower with organic amendments, long-term applications may increase risks, requiring careful monitoring to ensure sustainable and safe practices.This work was supported by National funds through FCT/ MCTES (PIDDAC): CIMO, UIDB/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/00690/2020) and UIDP/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/00690/2020); and SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020), CITAB (UIDB/04033/2020), and national funding by FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology, through the in- dividual research grant PRT/BD/152095/2021 of Paulo Dimande

New trends of additive manufacturing using materials based-on natural fibers and minerals : A systematic review

Polymeric materials based on natural fibers and minerals are currently being researched and their development is still in its infancy but is expected to increase in the coming years (being nowadays a hot topic). Their main advantage is that they make it possible to use waste and by-products of agricultural, forestry, and mineral origin to generate materials for Additive Manufacturing. Since their use reduces the need for other synthetic polymers derived from petroleum and other nonnatural fibers that generate a high environmental impact, this type of material is a sustainable, environmentally friendly, biodegradable solution that can be integrated into the value chain of certain industries and, finally, favors the circular economy. This study presents a bibliometric analysis, meta-analysis, and systematic literature review focusing on plant-based fibers and minerals in biocomposites from a holistic perspective. To learn about the potential of these new materials at an industrial level and to learn about the benefits they can have for society, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats have been evaluated. The results strongly suggest that these materials will undergo intensive development in the upcoming years, with a substantial increase in their integration across industries.This work has been carried out for the NaturFAB research project (0049_NATUR_FAB_2_E) “Fomento de la especialización inteligente, transición industrial y emprendimiento a través de nuevos materiales” founding in the Interreg-POCTEP (European Commission).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Enhancing classroom dynamics: exploring the synergy of social marketing, neuromarketing, and artificial intelligence

As a part of a research project, this paper refers to the assessment of the degree of knowledge integrating Social Marketing, Neuromarketing and Artificial Intelligence for sustainable economic development activities in Portugal. In addition, aiming to promote good behaviors and understand better the influence of Artificial Intelligence such as AI, VR, AR, big data, etc., on communications, social marketing can also explore neurometrics, biometrics and psychometrics factors to help individuals on their decision-making process. Furthermore, segmentation is a marketing technique that can be used to influence the decision-making process, even promoting good behavior. Considering the assumption that good behavior is very important because it results in benefits not only the individual but also society and the environment, to promote these behaviors, social marketing must communicate through assertive messages. Using neuromarketing theoretical framework to support social marketing communications and understand better the decision-making process, this literature review presents a model which can help teachers as well as social marketeers to promote sports activities in higher education institutions.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio