An Analysis on Security Threats of Black-Hole and Jellyfish Attacks in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network using HTTP Traffic

Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure less network. This network is a collection of randomly moving mobile nodes. As MANET does not have any centralized management, this network can form anywhere with the participation of randomly moving nodes. Because of such vulnerable behavior of MANET, this network has to face many security problems. There are so many security threats of MANET, which does not have any solution. Even detection of those problems is not easy. Some of the security threats are very severe. Those threats can even destroy the whole network. Researchers are working to find out the solution of those threats. Among those threats, we have worked with two security threats, which are Black-hole attack and Jellyfish attack. Here, we have found out the threats using HTTP traffic. We use OPNET modeler 14.5 as simulator AODV routing protocol. The aim of this paper is to find out the impact of security threats on MANET using HTTP traffic. We decide the impact using number of events and average number of events utilizing throughput of the OPNET modeler

Performance of Combined Vertical and Horizontal Flow Sub-Surface Constructed Wetlands

The present study demonstrates wetland projects to treat industrial wastewater for reuse implemented for different hydraulic & organic loadings. The combination of vertical and horizontal flow wetland treatment system with fill and draw controls provides a design for effective contact of wastewater with the root system to achieve higher treatment efficiencies by creating necessary environments for nitrification-denitrification removal of organic materials, and phosphorus adsorption reactions. Systems have been implemented for large scale applications in automobile, sand reclamation, municipal leachate and other industries for process and domestic wastewater treatment & reuse. The results show that there is a marked removal efficiency using Typha species & several other indigenous plants. The percentage reductions in various physicochemical parameters such as Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Nitrate (N), Phosphate (P), and Fecal Coliforms (FC) are 85%, 90%, 70%, 60% and 95% respectively. The study further reveals the effect of variable hydraulic loading rates on treatment efficiencies. The system has been successfully adopted for the past 3 years reducing electrical, mechanical operations and maintenance requirements for wastewater treatment by almost 70% benefiting industries to a great extent and exploring opportunities for application in other industrial sectors for implementation of such technologies which were not in practice earlier

Development of a Single-Axis Sun Seeker using Three Sensors

The output power generated by the solar photovoltaic panel is directly proportional to the amount of solar energy it receives. Therefore, for maximum efficiency, a solar photovoltaic panel must be perpendicular to the sun. As a result of this, a tracking device is required to ensure that solar panels are always directly perpendicular to the direct component of the sun. Such a tracking device is referred to as a sun seeker. This research work describes the development of a single-axis sun seeker using three sensors. Light-dependent resistors are used as sensors. The light intensity received by two of the sensors is compared by two comparators and an appropriate signal is sent to the driving mechanism which moves the solar panel tray until the right and left sensors receive an equal amount of light intensity. The middle sensor was designed to activate the speed control unit of the system when it senses the required light intensity. The whole system runs on a 12V rechargeable battery. A battery charger circuit with automatic cut-off was incorporated to the design to keep the battery topped-up and to prevent overcharging

A Method to Harness Maximum Power from Photovoltaic Power Generation Basing on Completely Mathematical Model

This paper introduces a new method that no previous study has been done in this photovoltaic power generation similar to this paper to harness maximum potential power from photovoltaic power generation. The completely mathematical model added the relation between diode factor of the generation and p-n junction temperature is proposed to use in this method. The maximum power point tracker combines the iterative and bisectional technique, the completely mathematical model of PVgPVG and the system of equations that converts value of parameters from standard test condition to any working condition, measuring sensors to measure power of solar irradiance and p-n junction temperature to determine parameters at maximum power point at any working condition. The voltage controller is designed to drive this generation to expect working state to harness maximum power. An experimental model corresponding to this method was designed and operated in real conditions in Viet Nam. Experimental results show the high accuracy of analyzing in theory and high capability to bring this method out real applications to harness all available energy of this generation

Growth Inhibition of Various Pathogenic Microorganisms Using Effective Microorganisms (EM)

In recent years, researchers focus on treatment of wastewater using low-cost treatment processes. Several studies showed that using effective microorganisms (EM) is a promising technology in the treatment of wastewater. However, the treatment mechanism using EM is not clear. In this study, the effect of EM towards several pathogenic microorganisms was investigated to examine its ability to inhibit their growth. The results showed that EM has the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus faecalis; while no effect was detected on fungi that were examined.  &nbsp

Design and Manufacturing of Pole Climbing Unmanned Fire Extinguisher

May it be the destruction of Jerusalem temple in 587BC or the infamous disaster in a mall in Philippines in December 2017, fire was the major culprit. Fire is one of the most severe and frequent disasters faced by the mankind especially in the machine age. Our project focuses on extinguishing such city fires with the help of a specially designed robot. The proposed robot would climb up a pole which can easily be constructed with minimal expenditures and efforts during or after the construction of the building. The robot being able to climb pole, would be able to traverse upwards, no matter at what height the fire is set. This versatility would eliminate the problems posed due to insufficiently long ladders (100 feet maximum) with the firefighting department. The robot is also equipped with a motor controlled nuzzling arrangement which will allow spraying the water jet in all possible directions. Such use of technology also safeguards the lives of firefighters which in conventional methods are put in danger. The robot will be equipped with a camera at the top which would enable the controller to judge the intensity and severity of the fire. The robot can be wirelessly controlled using radio controlled device which can control the locomotion of robot, direction control of water jet and an LCD which can display the camera sight

Assistive Autonomous Mobile Robot Identifies and Retrieves Target Objects

This engineering article presents an original method of building and operating an assistive autonomous mobile robot based on a custom-designed LEGO® structure using Raspberry Pi® Model B computers, Dexter Industries® BrickPi boards, and LEGO NXT peripherals. The robot is programmed using the Python language to detect, identify, and handle objects in places that are inaccessible or dangerous to humans. The robot assists people with limited mobility to find and retrieve hidden or lost objects. The two distinct modes of operation are the assistive autonomous mode, and the exploratory, operator-controlled mode, respectively. In the autonomous mode, the robot moves automatically and uses its pre-programmed input parameters and signals from the ultrasonic sensors and video camera to navigate by avoiding obstacles; upon detecting the target object, the motion ceases, the robotic arm extends, grasps, and retrieves the object. The operator can afterwards direct the robot towards other zones for exploration or object retrieval. In the exploratory mode, the operator controls the movement of the robot and visualizes on a monitor the images continuously sent by the on-board video camera. Future development may consist of implementing the autonomous mode in which objects in motion will be tracked and retrieved

Modeling of Phosphorous Acid Fuel Cell in PSCAD

The renewable energy sources, such as wind, fuel cells, etc. are gaining more attention due to the increase in energy demand as well as being environmental kindly. A dynamic model of Phosphorous Acid Fuel Cell is modeled and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. The system consists of a fuel cell stack along with 3-phase Pulse-Width Modulator (PWM) inverter, LCL filter and step-up transformer connected to the main grid. A Real-Reactive power controller is implemented into the 3-phase PWM inverter to control and stabilize the active and reactive power flow onto the main grid. A LCL filter is connected to the inverter side, which eliminates the ultra-harmonic distortions of the frequency. The effect of the Line-Ground, Line-Line, etc. faults on the performance of the main grid’s output voltage is analyzed and studied. The fuel cell is connected to the main grid and the simulation results contain the analysis at different stages of the simulation

Optimal sizing and techno-economic of a stand-alone photovoltaic system in Baghdad using improved system models and measured weather data

The use of stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems is restricted mainly due to their high initial costs. This problem is alleviated by optimal sizing as it results in reliable and cost-effective systems. Using PV systems in Iraq can help resolve the power generation deficiency. This country enjoys an ample amount of solar radiation all throughout the year making it suitable for PV applications. Previous PV system sizing and feasibility studies, which have been conducted for Iraq, is rather inaccurate as they either incorporated simple equations or synthetized weather data along with simple mathematical models. In this paper, more rigorous system models, as well as measured meteorological data, were used to achieve more accurate sizing results, thus allowing a more realistic techno-economic feasibility analysis to be done. The optimal system, for an average load of 10 (KWh/day), consisted of 38 PV panels of 120 (Wp) each, a 16 110 (Ah) battery bank, one 1000 (W) inverter and four 100 (A) charge controllers in parallel. The unit cost of the generated electricity was estimated to be 0.1729 ($/KWh) which is still higher than the maximum tariff of the national grid (0.1$/KWh)

FPGA Based Implementation of Cascaded Multi-level Inverter with Adjustable DC

In this paper, total harmonic distortion (THD) minimization problem for cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverters (CHB-MLIs) with unequal DC sources is studied, which the DC voltage levels of CHB-MLI is considered to be dependent on switching angles. Two forms of variations are proposed for DC voltage, considering corresponding switching angles. A simplified THD formulation, independent from the DC voltage is presented. Both Homotopy method and Genetic Algorithm is applied for THD minimization using Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM (SHEPWM). The results show less THD results using GA. The simulation results are demonstrated by experiments on a seven-level inverter controlled by Xilinx SPARTAN3 FPGA (XC3S400-PQG208). The results show that switching angles for minimum THD can be considered constant for desired fundamental voltages