خلافة أبي بكر الصديق 11-13هـ / 632-634 م بين التطبيق و النظرية

يطلق على النظام السياسي في الإسلام مصطلح الخلافة، وقد ظهر هذا المصطلح بعد وفاة الرسول (ص)، ولذلك لم يكن له قواعد محددة، خاصة أن القرآن والحديث لم ينطرقا لذلك، ولذلك أصبحت تجارب الخلفاء خاصة تجربة أبي بكر الأساس لبناء النظرية السياسية للحكم فيما بعد، حيث جسدت عدداً كبيراً من المبادئ والقيم السياسية، مثل الانتخاب والشورى، ووحدة الخلافة، والعدل، وسيادة الشرع، والقرشية، والسابقة في الإسلام. وكما لوحظ كذلك دور المفاهيم القبلية في تقرير مبادئ وطبيعة، هذا النظام على حساب القيم الدينية بحيث أصبح السن، والتجربة ، والحكمة ، ورفض التوريث كما في حالة شيوخ القبائل ذات تأثير واضح في اختيار الخليف

State of necessity from the perspective of comparative constitutional law

غالباً ما يتم إثارة قضية حالة الضرورة أو الضرورة العامة في القانون الدستوري ضمن حالتين : من أجل الدفاع عن الموظفين الحكوميين و الذين - أثناء ممارسة مهامهم - ينتهكون حقا أساسيا مكفولا دستوريا ؛ كالحق في عدم التعرض للتعذيب، بغرض حماية مصلحة عليا أو عندما يكون "الانتهاك"، أو التقييد للحقوق الأساسية والحريات "تاليا" لإجراءٍ تنفيذي استثنائي، يمكن اعتباره إجراء غير دستوري في الأحوال العادية ؛ لأن ذلك يناقض مبدأ الفصل بين السلطات. يأتي هذا البحث ليتحقق مِمَ إذا كانت حالة "الضرورة" تخدم في القانون الدستوري كمفهوم مستقل، من شأنه أن يسمح للمسؤولين في الدولة و السلطة التنفيذية الفرار من العواقب "الضارة" المترتبة على الالتزام "الجامد" بسيادة القانون في الظروف كافة و ممَ إذا كان بالإمكان الاحتجاج "بحالة الضرورة" لمنع لا مشروعية أفعالهم؛ ليتجنب المسؤولون الملاحقة الجنائية، و لتتجنب السلطة التنفيذية "عيب" عدم الدستورية

Caesarean section in Palestine using the Robson Ten Group Classification System: a population-based birth cohort study

Objective To analyse the current situation of caesarean section in Palestine using the Robson Ten Group Classification System (TGCS). Design A population-based birth cohort study. Setting Obstetrical departments in three governmental hospitals in Gaza. Participants All women (18 908) who gave birth between1 January 2016 and 30 April 2017. Methods The contributions of each group to the study population and to the overall rate of caesarean section were calculated, as well as the rate of caesarean section in each TGCS group. Differences in proportions between study hospitals were assessed by χ2 test. Main outcome measures The main outcome was the contributions of each group to the overall caesarean section rate. Results The overall rate of caesarean section was 22.9% (4337 of 18 908), ranging from 20.6% in hospital 1 to 24.6% in hospital 3. The largest contributors to the overall caesarean section rate were multiparous women with single cephalic fullterm pregnancy who had undergone at least one caesarean section (group 5, 42.6%), women with multiple pregnancies (group 8, 11.6%) and those with single cephalic preterm labour (group 10, 8.1%). Statistically significant differences in caesarean section rates between the study hospitals were observed in group 1 (nulliparous women with single cephalic full-term pregnancy and spontaneous labour), group 4 (multiparous with single cephalic full-term pregnancy with induced labour or prelabour caesarean section), group 5 (multiparous with single cephalic full-term pregnancy with previous caesarean section) and in group 7 (multiparous with breech presentation). Conclusion Women in groups 5, 8 and 10 were the largest contributors to the overall caesarean section rate in the study hospitals. Efforts to reduce the differences in obstetrical care between hospitals need to be directed towards increasing the proportion of vaginal births after caesarean section and by reducing primary caesarean section in multiple pregnancies and preterm labourNorwegian Research Counci

Photovoltaic array modelling and boost-converter controller-design for a 6kW grid-connected photovoltaic system - DC stage

A paper in the Conference of : IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (18EEEIC / 2ICPS Europe), pp. 2481-2486. Palermo-Italy, June 201

Natural treatment systems for reclaimed water use and bioresource recovery : a Palestinian experience

Technical workshopPhytotechnologies, waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) and constructed wetlands (CWs), play a key role in stabilization of organic and inorganic matter in domestic, municipal and industrial wastewater during secondary and tertiary treatment. Utilizing solar energy and carbon dioxide, WSPs microalgae produce oxygen for autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria to degrade organic and inorganic pollutants, respectively. Aeration through algal oxygenic photosynthesis reduces annual energy costs compared with mechanical aeration applied in mechanised systems for wastewater treatment. This paper reviews the Palestinian experience in the application of pilot and large-scale algae-based systems for domestic wastewater treatment and reuse. During the years 1997-2002, pilot-plant investigations have been conducted at Birzeit University campus, where oxygenic photosynthesis in algae-based ponds was applied for wastewater treatment. Major basic principles obtained from these pilot studies can be used for the engineering design of biological nutrient processes or performance enhancement of new or existing overloaded oxidation ponds. The chemical, biological, operational, and economic factors that affect the use of engineered algae-based ponds and innovative photobioreactors with algal-bacterial biomass as feasible methods for producing oxygen and biologically safe reclaimed water are presented and discussed. Recent studies reported that algal-based ponds are quite sensitive towards a wide range of industrial discharges entailing hazardous organic and inorganic chemicals. Therefore, innovative design and practical operational procedures are necessary to sustain microbial biomass within the oxidation ponds. Ongoing research studies focus on the application of natural treatment systems (microalgae-based and algal-bacterial processes and constructed wetlands) for the reclamation of anaerobically treated agrifood industrial effluents (olive oil mills, dairy and slaughterhouse facilities). Guidelines for system design, start-up, and operation of pilot algal–bacterial systems and constructed wetlands shall be identified and discussed, where areas for further research are identified. Proper algal system configuration, cultivation and harvesting are crucial engineering design criteria of phytotechnologies pertaining to process sustainability, reclaimed water safety, land cost, and algal biomass use.PADUCO Program, Dutch Foreign Ministry, The Netherland

Enhancing recognition of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in six maternity units in Palestine : an interventional quality improvement study

Objective To explore the impact of a training intervention on obstetric anal sphincter injuries’ (OASIS) detection rate. Design Prospective quality improvement interventional study. Setting Six secondary and tertiary maternity units in Palestine. Population Women having singleton vaginal births ≥23weeks’ gestation or babies weighing ≥500 g (n=22 922). Caesarean births (n=5431), multiple gestations (n=443) and vaginal births of unregistered perineum status (n=800) were excluded. Interventions Training programme for enhancing OASIS detection was conducted between 31 January and 31 December 2015. International experts delivered 2-day standardisation workshop teaching OASIS diagnosis and repair to each maternity unit. They also provided additional training to three research fellows employed in three of the maternity units. This was followed by 13-week period of data collection (phase 1). Research fellows then delivered training intervention over 15-week interval (phase 2), including theoretical teaching and ‘onsite’ training in perineal trauma assessment within the six maternity units. Finally, 13-week postintervention observation (phase 3) followed. Primary outcome measure OASIS rates were used as surrogate for OASIS recognition. OASIS rates were compared between different phases and between the two maternity unit groups (research fellow and non-research fellow based) using Pearson’s χ² test. Results A total 22 922 women were included. Among primiparous women, OASIS rate was higher in phase 2 (2.8%, p<0.001) and phase 3 (3.1%, p<0.001) than phase 1 (0.5%). However, no significant differences were detected in the rates of severe OASIS (third-degree 3c and fourth-degree tears) between phase 1 and 2 (0.5% vs 0.3%), because this would have required at least 103 women with severe OASIS to be included in each phase. Among parous women, OASIS rate was significantly higher in phase 2 (0.6%, p=0.002) but not in phase 3 (0.4%, p=0.071) compared with phase 1 (0.2%). Research fellows’ maternity units showed higher OASIS rates among primiparous women in phase 2 (3.6% vs 1.4%, p=0.001) and phase 3 (4.3% vs 0.8%, p<0.001) than non-research fellows’ maternity unitsNorwegian Research Counci